Managing Eastman Kodaks New Environment Case Study

Managing Eastman Kodaks New Environment - Case Study Example The appointment of CEO Antonio Perez, in 2003, with his commitment to the "worldwide transformation of Kodak from a business based on film to one based primarily on digital technologies" (Marcial 2007) may well be the answer to Kodak's woes. Will Eastman Kodak under the leadership of CEO Perez succeed to manage its new environment According to Michael Porter's five forces model of industry analysis, the points to consider are (1) Rivalry, (2) Threat of Substitutes, (3) Buyer Power, (4) Supplier Power, and (5) Barriers to Entry. (QuickMBA 2007) Under Perez, Kodak realized that the company needed to reinvent and reposition itself. It was no longer the technological giant of the photography, film and film processing industry, because that industry was in danger of extinction with the changes in the technological environment and consumers' appreciation of those changes. Perez steered Kodak into entering the digital photography market and faced fierce competition from Sony and Canon. (Marcial 2007) Kodak launched EasyShare, its family of digital cameras, which was widely praised. But it failed to anticipate how "fast these digital cameras would become commodities, with low profit margins, as every competitor raced into the market. Perez had counted on rising demand for traditional photography in China to slow the fall. But China went digital as fast as everybody else While blazing growth of camera sales has helped blunt the effects of Kodak's fast-fading film revenues, it hasn't replaced the rich profits of the film business P erez realized that he had championed a dramatic change only to find it wasn't the right model for turning the company around." (Hamm, Symonds 2007) Perez had succeeded in addressing its rivals in the digital camera market and even surpassed targets in camera sales but this was not the answer to Kodak's problems. According to Porter, the next force to contend with is the threat of substitutes. (QuickMBA 2007). In Kodak's case, even with its digital camera rivals, it did not have to contend with threats of substitutes but rather, current industry players had to contend with Kodak, as did Sony and Canon in the milieu of digital cameras. And since digital cameras did not prove to be the answer that Kodak was looking for, CEO Perez, with his expertise gleaned from Hewlett-Packard, sought to threaten yet another in Kodak's quest for answers to its problems. According to Symonds in a Business Week article, printing could be Kodak's brightest hope for the future with its $2.1 billion investment in the commercial printing market. "And its technology could prove nearly as important an evolution in printmaking as movable type -- allowing for mass customization on unprecedented scales." (Symonds 2006) In this arena, again Kodak had to face tough competition from leaders Xerox and Hewlett-Packard, but "Kodak has pulled together a broader portfolio than rivals by picking up everything from the software and plates printers need to get a job started to the presses needed to complete it." (Symonds 2006) So, it wasn't so much that Kodak had to deal with the threats of substitutes but rather it had to work on becoming a potent threat itself to dislodge

Palm Beach Community College Environmental Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Palm Beach Community College Environmental Sustainability Essay One of the biggest issues nowadays is environmental sustainability. Sustainability came from the root word ‘sustain’. â€Å"To sustain means to support, bear the weight of, to keep going and to keep alive† (Petry 2). In College Reading 4, Cheryl Benz and Cynthia Shuemann defined environmental sustainability as: â€Å"the ability of the environment to function indefinitely without going into a decline from the stresses imposed by human society on natural systems (such as soil, water, and air) that maintain life† (129). Here is another definition of environmental sustainability by Kelsey and Becker: â€Å"The general concept of ‘environmental sustainability’ refers to the necessary balance between human wants and needs and the capacity of the natural systems of the earth† (31). As stated in the website of Environmental Protection Agency, the term â€Å"sustainability† was first used in 1987 when World Commission on Environment and Development report: Our Common Future was published. The concept of sustainability is still in used nowadays and it is of great help for the human race. The whole world is currently experiencing one of the most serious problems regarding the environment which is global warming. We, the human beings are taking for granted the world we are living in. Instead of protecting the world from degradation, we serve as the agents of world’s deterioration through our selfish activities and behaviors. Pollution, fast population growth, non-conservation of energy and exploitation of natural sources are some of the human activities that cause environmental problems. Here now comes the issue on environmental sustainability. Can we still say that the environment is capable of sustaining or giving the needs of the present generation as well as the needs of the future generation? Environmental science and the concept of environmental sustainability can be used to help the nations, organizations or even the single individuals in resolving the problems we are facing right now. In opening the minds of individuals about the environmental issues and sustainability, higher education can be used as medium or means. Higher education specifically college level can be used in making the individuals, especially the youth, aware of the environmental degradation the earth is experiencing right now. The universities are one of the best channels in providing the individuals with knowledge and awareness about sustainable development. What is sustainable development? According to Environmental Protection Agency, sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is very beneficial not only to the environment but also to economic growth, technological advancement and improvement of quality of life. According to Roger Petry, the university plays as a key contributor to sustainable development. The following are the reasons why Petry considers the university as mediator for sustainable development: a) The university can contribute breadth of knowledge, particularly of human and ecological systems; (b) it has the capacity to integrate knowledge regarding ecological, economic, and social issues, including local knowledge; (c) it has the capacity for global and local sharing of knowledge; (d) it provides knowledge to the poor and marginalized groups; (e) it has the capacity for long-term research; (f) it has academic freedom and institutional autonomy and (g) it is subjected to public accountabilities. 11) In order for higher education to become more sustainable, national and international sustainability declarations were developed. The sustainability declarations for higher education, which are stated according to chronological orders, are as follow: The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment (1972), Tbilisi Declaration (1977), University Presidents for a Sustainable Future: The Talloires Declaration (1990), The Halifax Declaration (1991), Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Chapter 36: Promoting Education, Public Awareness and Training (1992), Ninth International Association of Universities Round Table: The Kyoto Declaration (1993), Association of Commonwealth Universities Fifteenth Quinquennial Conference: Swansea Declaration (1993), CRE Copernicus Charter (1994) and International Conference on Environment and Society – Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability: Declaration of Thessaloniki (1997) (Wright 1). The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was the first declaration ever made for the sustainability of higher education. Its focus is on the relationship of humanity and environment. The declaration failed to protect the right of natures and it is clearly centered on human (Wright 2). The Tibilisi Declaration was created during the conference by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) on 1977. The Tbilisi Conference echoed the sentiments of the Stockholm Declaration by stating that environmental education should be provided to people of all ages, all levels of academic aptitude and must be delivered in both formal and non formal environments. † (Wright 2) â€Å"The Talloires Declaration was the first statement made by university administrators of a commitment to sustainability in higher education. It stated that university heads must provide leadership and support to mobilize internal and external resources so that their institutions respond to this urgent challenge. † (Wright 2-3) The Kyoto Declaration of 1990 was created during the Ninth International Association of Universities Round Table with the attendance of 90 international university leaders. Agenda 21 and the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development Conference in Rio de Janeiro are two important conferences in environmental sustainability and biodiversity. The Kyoto Declaration is closely related to these two significant conferences (Wright 5). Almost 400 universities from 47 countries attended the ratification of the Swansea Declaration. One of its important contributions is the prioritization of the third world or the less developed countries. The wealthy countries must support those less developed countries regarding sustainable development among universities (Wright 5-6). The Thessaloniki Declaration of 1997 was ratified during the UNESCO Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness For Sustainability that was held in Thessaloniki, Greece. The declaration argued that the concept of environmental sustainability must be clearly linked with poverty, population, food security, democracy, human rights, peace and health and a respect for traditional cultural and ecological knowledge. † (Wright 7) Palm Beach Community College is one of those universities that includes sustainability in their curriculum. â€Å"Palm Beach Community College is committed to providing the best educational opportunity for our current students while ensuring that the same opportunity for success is available to our future students as well. Therefore our entire educational organization has dedicated itself to focusing on improving the three areas of sustainability on our campuses and in our community: environmental protection, economic growth and social responsibility. (Palm Beach Community College Sustainability) The above passage is the mission statement of Palm Beach Community College as stated in their website. Palm Beach Community College promotes environmental sustainability by teaching their students about it. They also enhance the awareness of their students regarding sustainability. Palm Beach Community College is a very good example on how higher education can promote sustainability. Palm Beach Community College has many activities that practice sustainable development not only for their students but also for the whole community. Palm Beach Community College is indeed a very great model for promoting sustainability. A good example for this is the use of green buildings in their university. Green buildings are buildings made of materials that are environment friendly. They also made renovations of existing buildings in order to attain greater sustainability (Building and Renovation). Also through energy conservation, sustainability is attained. In order to conserve energy, the lighting in the campus is composed of bulbs that consume less energy. Air conditioning consumes large amount of energy. In order to lessen energy consumption, the university introduced technological innovations to their air conditioners and also the university implemented the greater temperature in their classrooms (Energy Management). Palm Beach Community College also improves their landscaping and grounds. Improvement on landscape and grounds that were mentioned in the website are reducing pesticide use, planting native vegetation, minimizing lawn space, removing pavement, or designing wildlife habitat areas. These activities not only promote environmental sustainability but also display aesthetic value of the campus (Grounds / Landscaping). Palm Beach Community College believes that wildlife must be saved so that the next generation will be able to see those endangered species. One good example of wildlife conservation is the protection of owls inside the campus. The owls give the campus with lesser rodent population in return (Wildlife). Services in Palm Beach Community also prop up environmental sustainability. They encourage their students to eat foods from plants like vegetables and fruits. They also discourage students to use non-environment friendly packaging of food like Styrofoam and plastics (Food Service). Green Cleaning is an approach to janitorial services that offers better environmental performance and improved worker health and safety, while retaining the same sanitation quality as traditional, more chemical-intensive methods. † (Housekeeping) The university also pushes the use of environment-friendly cleaning products. Recycling is the best way for waste management. All wastes that can be still used must be reused or recycled in order to lessen the wastes that are being thrown away. By this, pollution can be avoided (Waste Management). Sustainable procurement involves making conscious purchasing choices to conserve resources, mitigate pollution and waste, and promote a healthy economy. † (Procurement) Toxic chemicals and substances are used in printing but Palm Beach Community College promotes another way of printing which is ‘green printing’. The university encourages their students to use recycled papers, double-sided printing, and soy-based inks that are not toxic and less harmful in the environment (Printing). â€Å"PBCC defines service-learning as a teaching method that increases student engagement and success through community involvement to apply theories or skills being taught in a course. (Service Learning) Through service learning, the students are exposed to real life social issues and by that the students can learn how to apply sustainability in order to improve the environment, economy and quality of life. PBCC encourages students to join Ecology clubs in order for them to join co-curricular activities regarding the environment. â€Å"Palm Beach Community College offers students the opportunity to become actively involved with award winning clubs and organizations, by promoting the development of leadership skills, challenging special interests and encouraging interaction with other students. † (Mission Statement Student Clubs Organizations at the Boca Raton Campus) Some of the events sponsored by Palm Beach Community College are Earth Day, Coastal Cleanup, Transportation transformation and Green Expo. These events are very important to the environment since it is when environmental sustainability is practiced. It is also a very good time for PBCC to educate other people about sustainable development of the environment. As an individual, what can we do to our environment? Palm Beach Community College suggests some ways that we can do for the welfare of the environment. Some of these ways are conservation of energy and water, waste management at home and at work and living a ‘green’ lifestyle (What Can I Do). Not only the youth and the adults can serve as stewards of environmental rehabilitation, the kids can also help. Palm Beach Community College offers activities for kids that can enhance their awareness on environmental sustainability and at the same time they are enjoying and learning. Some of these activities are Gorilla in the green house, Fish in the lake and National geographic kids (Green for Kids). Smoke emission and the use of non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are some of the problems that are being encountered in transportation. Since transportation is a necessity inside the campus, Palm Beach Community College implements ways and means in minimizing environmental degradation due to waste by-products of transport vehicles. Alternative fuels, such as ethanol and electricity, carpooling incentives, increased bike accessibility, and other solutions are being explored on campuses across the country and as a result, these campuses are saving money, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, decreasing water runoff, and realizing myriad other benefits. † (Transportation) In the world we are living right now, we can say that the environment is not that sustainable and it has now less capacity to support life. The people nowadays are destroying the nature that God had given us. It is not only the environment that we are not taking care of but also the lives of the future generations. We are leaving then but problems on environment and low quality of life. What we need right now are stewards of environments who will restore its beauty and sustainability. Through higher education, agents of environmental sustainability were being created. One example of the universities that produces individuals that are concerned to the environment is the Palm Beach Community College. It not only opens the eyes of students on current issues regarding the environment but it also brings-up the awareness and sense of responsibilities of students. By that, environmental sustainability is attained. Also, in our own little ways we can bring back what we have lost. If only each and every individual will help on the restoration of the environment, attaining sustainability will be faster.

Chromatography of Dyes :: Chromatography Experiments Dye Essays

Chromatography of Dyes An extremely common technique by using two chemicals and filter paper can give you sufficient information. A well-done Chromatography of dyes will provide you with enough data to determine if a liquid mixture is heterogeneous or homogenous . In a learning activity you can separate and possibly identify food dyes in some drinks mixes and food colors. The effect of solvent polarity or the ability to separate and elute compounds will also be demonstrated. In this experiment you will need to use the equation Xcm/Acm=RF value. The length of A, is the length of the longest line of the food dye or food coloring. The Length of X is the length of all the other variables. In the experiment the lengths will be measured in Centimeters. Experimental Procedure You will need to obtain a piece of standard filter paper approximately 10*15 cm. Use a pencil to draw a line parallel to one of the longer edges, about 1 cm from the edge. Make 10 dashes on the pencil line, be sure to have them evenly distributed. At this point you will spot each of the 5 standards on separate dashes. Be sure to write down which liquid is at which dash. Then choose two food colors and two drink mixes, and spot them on the remaining four dashes. Curl the filter paper into a cylinder, make sure colors out, and staple the edges together. Do not allow the edges of the filter paper to overlap. Add approximately 10 ml of a 7:3 isopropanol:water mixture to your 600 mL beaker, then carefully place the chromatogram into the beaker the colored spots must be higher than the solvent. Be sure to cover the beaker, remove, lay out to dry then measure when the solvent is 1 to 2 cm from the top. Repeat all the above steps but use 0.1% NaCl in the place of the 7:3 isopropanol. By comp aring the colors of the spots in the standards and the unknowns, and the distances the spots moved, you should be able to tell what compounds are present in the food colors and drink mixes. Some of the food colors and drink mixes may contain only one dye, and some may contain more than one.

Acquainted with the Night: a Story of Night Walks Experience Essay

Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is told from the point of view of an unknown person. This person tells a story about how he/she has taken numerous late night walks, specifically in the rain. Using tone, diction, the title, structure imagery, and language, Frost writes a poem about a person’s late night experiences to relate to similar experiences that a reader may have encountered. With Frost’s word choice and the title he chooses to tell this story, the poem comes to exhibit a gloomy tone. Immediately after reading the title of the poem, it can be derived that the lines to follow will chronicle some form of darkness because the word â€Å"Night† in the title is a natural embodiment of darkness itself. To help support the gloomy tone initiated with the title of the poem, Frost chooses words such as â€Å"rain,† â€Å"down,† â€Å"saddest, â€Å"dropped,† and â€Å"cry† to populate the body of his poem. It should also be noted that the speaker in the poem is constantly distancing himself/herself from life and light as he/she out walks â€Å"the furthest city light,† tries to hide from the watchman, is â€Å"far away from an interrupted cry,† and is â€Å"further still† from the light of the moon. The fact that the speaker is unidentified gives more support for the poems gloomy tone. These elements, the tone, title and diction used, contribute to Frost’s purpose for the poem because they characterize the dark setting that allows the poet to write a story that is both believable and easy to relate to. Frost applies a structure and an aspect of imagery to the poem that allows it flow nicely while distinguishing each separate occurrence that the speaker mentions as he/she tells the story. Frost uses assonance as he rhymes â€Å"night† with â€Å"light,† â€Å"lane† with â€Å"explain,† â€Å"feet† with â€Å"street,† â€Å"good-bye† with â€Å"sky,† and â€Å"right† with â€Å"night† in an ABA rhyming pattern for each three line stanza and an AA pattern for the final two line stanza. These end rhymes give the poem rhythm. The poet also uses symbolism when talking about the aspects of night versus light. Darkness seems to come from the below and light from above as Frost writes of a â€Å"city light† and a â€Å"luminary light against the sky†. The darkness in contrast is seen far away from the lights and â€Å"further from the sky†. By utilizing components of the literal language in the poem, Frost emphasizes important points that he wants his audience to take note of to make the scenarios he discusses in the poem easier to understand. The poet uses the strategy of repetition a number of times as the words â€Å"I have† begin all three lines of the first stanza, the first two lines of the second stanza, the first line of the second stanza, disappears from the fourth stanza, and reappears in the fifth stanza and the last line of the poem. Frost does this to highlight that the speaker of the poem is familiar with the dark of the night. In addition, the phrase â€Å"acquainted with the night† is, including the title, repeated three times in the poem to underline the fact the speaker is indeed quite familiar with the scenarios that he/she is describing. Through tone, diction, the title, structure, imagery, and language, Robert Frost tells the story of how and why the speaker has become â€Å"acquainted with the night† with the purpose of relating what takes place in the poem to similar ordeals that a reader may have experienced. The poet makes the tone of the poem dark and gloomy so that the words the speaker says contain a more sinister and powerful weight to them. This helps to make the poem feel like an adventure.

William Wordsworth & Romantic Poetry

William Wordsworth and romantic Poetry In Wordsworth’s â€Å"We are seven†, characteristics of nature was included because beginning on line 41 the little cottage girl says† My stockings there I often knit, My ‘kerchief there I hem; And there upon the ground I sit- I sit and sing to them,† this stanza shows how the girl enjoys the therapeutic quality of sitting outside by the church-yard tree with her brother and sister.The beautiful girl also discusses how she is one out of seven, even when she is be told she is really one of five. Her debate with the writer is very spiritual and depicts the supernatural characteristic that her dead siblings are still apart of her world. This poem can be best categorized as a Common Life concept because the little cottage girl is expressing her opinion to the other freely in a very simple way and she is in harmony with the environment she is in. Lines written in early spring† contains the characteristic of bound less aspirations with birds being inserted around line 13 and they represent how free they are, the birds are not bounded by the limitations that we have as humans. Wordsworth also glorified the common place by making every little flower, twig, bird, and even air sound better than what the average person would describe them. He seems to be writing about an overflow of powerful feelings by appreciating every little detail in the scene and discussing his sweet mood yet grieving about â€Å"what man has made of man. Wordsworth had a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings in â€Å"I wandered lonely as a Cloud†; he recollected in tranquility of the stars, daffodils, and waves, which could also be considered glorification of the common place. One could also establish a characteristic of nature in this poem when the author’s heart â€Å"dances with the Daffodils,† at the end of the poem. Wordsworth was discussing a â€Å"poet’s goal† in this poem, enj oying life without a violent stimulus, and can be proven on line 15 with â€Å"A Poet could not help but be gay. In â€Å"Elegiac Stanzas,† Wordsworth discusses the supernatural by mentioning the Elysian quiet, and has an overflow of emotions. For example, â€Å"a sea that could not cease to smile; on tranquil land, beneath a sky of bliss,†is an excerpt that makes the author happy and tranquil. Once again we can say that Wordsworth had an overflow of feelings and emotions, as a Wordsworth concept, and he wrote real language with vivid sensation in this piece.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist - Change of Setting and Locale essays

The Reluctant Fundamentalist - Change of Setting and Locale essays If Mohsin Hamid's " The Reluctant Fundamentalist" was set in a time before the events on September 11th, 2001 and in a different locale, the meaning of the book and the impact it has on readers would be completely altered. Changez wouldn't be the same character and the story would perhaps center more around his relationship and experiences with Erica. Post 9/11, he is viewed by his co-workers in a new way, he is forced to endure extra security measures in airports and he is gawked at on the street by random strangers. All these occurrences shape who he is and the conversation he is having with the American in Lahore and thus change the book entirely. Changez starts out as a young man graduated from Princeton that receives a grand stroke of luck when hired at Underwood Samson. After the events of 9/11 he is no longer a hardworking intellectual man he is now viewed as a possible threat by his peers at work. Changez's story without the events of 9/11 included is just Princeton, Erica and his job. It could even be said that he may have kept his job at Underwood Samson if he hadn't endured the emotional roller coaster of being treated like a terrorist. This change in treatment and the decline of his relationship with Erica is what ultimately lead to his nervous breakdown of sorts. Pre-9/11, the theme of the book changes as well. Maybe the theme is now simply the American Dream. He graduates from Princeton, immediately receives a job at an investment bank and gains a great girlfriend which leads to his climb up the social ladder to high society in New York City. Upon analyzing the book one might conclude that Erica is representative of America, as far as before and after 9/11. Before that tragic day she is in good health and her relationship with Changez is blossoming. After that day her health begins to decline and she sinks into a very dark state of grief over her dead boyfriend Chris, the trauma of the events having brought it al...

Death penalty misc13 essays

Death penalty misc13 essays Many people will argue that capital punishment is inappropriate as a proper means of punishment for murder and rape. The truth is the death penalty is the most effective form of retributive justice for those crimes. The death penalty is a fitting punishment for violent crime because executions maximize public safety through a form of incapacitation and deterrence. The death penalty has been around since the days of Moses and it is still around today. The reason for this is simply because it works. The Jews believe that the death penalty was God-given and therefore a necessary part of their religious and judicial system. The Jews use the death penalty to punish such grotesque offenses as bestiality and incest to somewhat minute charges of striking, cursing, or mere disobedience to one's parents. The methods the Jewish people use to inflict capital punishment are as varied as the crimes for which it is used: Stoning, burning, hanging, beheading, and several more less popular methods. If we look at the Roman Empire we see that crucifixion was a popular mode of execution because, not only did it get rid of the problem, it also punished the criminal with a great deal of torture. Crucifixion is probably the most cruel way to execute someone and therefore one of the most effective ways to deter crime. Crucifixion involved hanging a person to a device called a cross. The person first had to carry his cross through his hometown and to the place of his death. This further helped to deter crime since few people want their family and friends to witness such a humiliating experience. The criminal was then tied or nailed to the cross with his knees bent. The cross was then lifted up and set into a hole in the ground. This force would dislocate every joint in the body of the criminal. While the criminal hanged there, he could push himself up on a foot pedestal so that he could breathe. Eventually the man grew tired, s...

The High School History Classes You Should Take

The High School History Classes You Should Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips History. Maybe it's written by the victors. Maybe it repeats itself, first as tragedy and second as farce. Or maybe it doesn't repeat, but rhymes. In any case, it's a key part of your high school (and lifelong!) education. But how should you study it? What classes should you take in high school to satisfy college requirements? What options are there for going above and beyond? And what can you do if you are a history fiend who simply cannot get enough learning about the past? Read on to learn about high school and college expectations, honors and AP classes, and ways to expand your understanding of other social sciences! What Do High Schools Expect? Like the car commercials say, your mileage may vary – in this case, each high school has its own standards for how many years of history and/or other social sciences you need to take to graduate. Most public schools in most states require 2 to 3 years of social sciences (this may be different for private schools). Besides history, social sciences are classes like economics, geography, world cultures, civics, and government. So, definitely check with your own high school to see how many years you need and what counts as a social science. Random pile of rocks or the remains of England's wealthiest abbey after Henry VIII and his Reformation was done with it? History = amazing true stories. What Do Colleges Expect? Again, there is no hard and fast rule. Still, most colleges want you to have taken at least 2 standard history courses: American/US history World history or European history Overall, colleges want to see 2 to 3 years of social science classes, but you should definitely check the admissions requirements of your target school to see what they expect. Sometimes colleges don’t have requirements but they do offer suggestions. For example, while UCLA requires at least two years of social sciences, Harvard suggests a minimum of two years. Sometimes expectations depend on what you’re applying to study. For example, if you want to study engineering, you probably don’t need to take as many social science courses. Conversely, if you're applying with a plan to study social science, this is where you need to excel and demonstrate your interest. How Can I Exceed Expectations? The Do-More Kid slowly hovered upstairs, mildly exceeding the expectation that he would simply walk. Honors Classes If you're angling to exceed expectations, the best place to start is with your own school. Honors classes will most likely be similar to the standard classes your school offers, but they will go into more depth and explore broader contexts for the historical topics you study. On the one hand, you'll have to work much harder, but on the other hand you have a richer understanding and be way better prepared for college-level history courses. AP History Classes There are three history AP options: AP World History, which divides everything from 8000 BC to now into six periods, each with its own questions and thematic concerns AP European History, which focuses on everything that happened in Europe from the mid-1400s through 2000 AP United States History, which covers American history from about the time Native Americans first encountered Europeans to the present day IB Diploma Classes There are two different IB course progressions for history: the first focuses on the history of Europe and the Islamic world the second focuses on world history in the 20th century What If I Want Even More History? Finding more resources to feed your interest isn't at all impossible. Find a great elective or two This is the time to ransack your high school's course catalog. Are there any electives which focus on a specific era in history (like the 19th century) or on a particular group of people (like the Mayans)? Design your own course You know what teachers love? Interested and engaged students! Can you ask a teacher to help you set up an independent project or independent study to explore your interests? For example, you could focus on a particular slice of history (like trade along the Silk Route), or you could trace the development of one specific idea through time (like the concept of passive resistance). Take a class online For instance, Stanford University has an online high school which features 5 history courses and 1 guided independent study option. You can sign up to take just one class or all of them. Brown University also offers a set of online pre-college courses, including two related classes on history and American studies. Take a class over the summer Check out our guide to the Summer Institute for the Gifted or our description of Stanford’s two summer programs. Take a college class Finally, if you’re super confident in your abilities, or if you have a specific interest you really want to learn about, you can take an online college-level class. Not only will you get a sense of what history classes are like in college, but doing well will also look great on your transcript. You may even get college credit, just like for an AP course! How Else Can I Study Social Sciences? So maybe you are already a history buff, and are ready to explore other ways of studying how societies, cultures, and peoples interact. Then this is the time to investigate other classes that will broaden and deepen your understanding of history by putting into other contexts! These are classes like: economics, civics, government, politics, world cultures, world religions, geography, and so on. Check out other social sciences AP classes: AP Comparative Government Politics AP Human Geography AP Macroeconomics AP Microeconomics AP Psychology AP United States Government Politics Also, check out other social sciences IB classes: economics geography global politics information technology in a global society philosophy psychology social and cultural anthropology world religions There are even 3 IB social science classes offered online: Economics Information Technology in a Global Society Philosophy How Else Can I Show My Social Science Achievements? Ask your school counselor if you can apply to make your school a local chapter of the Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society from the National Council for the Social Studies. This way, you and others like you can be inducted into this society, which is the only national organization for high school juniors and seniors that recognizes excellence in the field of Social Studies. What’s Next? So excited about history that you can't wait to grab a textbook to learn? We're here for you. Read through our biographic sketch of Ida Lewis, lighthouse keeper (and so much more); use our guide to understand the Platt Amendment and its ramifications; and grapple with the US political system with our articles on checks and balances and how the executive branch can check the judicial branch. Still wrestling over whether AP or IB is better? Check out our guide to deciding which is right for you. Ready to kick back and learn some history (but not in a school way)? Our articles on the history of hip hop, invention of the 3-hole punch, and Loomis Fargo heist should do the trick. Curious how your history skills will apply to the SAT? Well, for one thing, they’ve probably made you a better writer. Read about how to improve your SAT Writing score, or better yet, how to get a perfect 800 and how to get a 12 on the SAT Essay. And don’t forget to read about the new enhanced ACT Writing test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Contextual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contextual analysis - Essay Example The sound of water saturates the entire film as well as its soundtrack. Incidentally, the delicate sound of bath water that softly drips from a visibly long, wet hair could only be comparable to the waterfalls at Niagara (Gopnik 2). The story winds in and out in a manner likened to the temporal Mobius strip. The film is generally about two women. One woman is relative young and eager whereas the other one is older and reserved. The two women are ostensibly going about their day-to-day routine and activities. Incidentally, the visitor is pondering just in case the two women are really one. Thesis Statement: While the artist has effectively used the audio-video platform to underscore the lives and attributes of two women characters that are at different stages of their lives, I believe that the representation of water is satisfactory evidence to prove that the two women are the same though portrayed in different parts or stages of their lives. The artist has effectively intertwined the lives and daily routines of the two women in a way that suggests their past successfully shaped their present. In the same way, the experience alongside currents of time shaped their past. In essence, remembering is evidently a creative way since it is obviously difficult to recall that past completely (Connors 4). Apart from the theme of water, Tan’s film also reflects the aspects of isolation, dislocation and loss. The double projection employed by the artist display the older woman reminiscing about her youthful life. The film moves back and forth in attempt to show life in the past and present. Commissioned by Vancouver Art gallery, the film simultaneously displays the video recording of flowing water (Connors 4). The flow of water apparently dominates the film and soundtrack thereby giving an impression of the memory flow and time. It is imperative to emphasize that the two women are at different stages of their lives. Figure 1 Figure 2 While the younger woman is still eager and ambitious to accomplish many of her dreams in life, the older one could only recollect the good moments and difficulties of her young life. Life to the young woman is vast with opportunities and aspirations bother in the short term and long term (Piturro 10). The piece demonstrates the kinds of historical, social, cultural relationships that human beings carry within themselves as they progress in life from childhood to adulthood and finally old age. The older woman is reticent, a sign that she perhaps feel content with the various achievements she has made in life. She credibly thinks it is time to reflect on the successes and disappointments of life because the strength and vigor is long gone (Piturro 10). In contrast, the young woman has numerous ambitions she intends to achieve in the near future. Furthermore, she evidently has the power, strength, vigor and determination to realize her dreams. The movie Rise and Fall examines the retrospective gaze along with its rela tionship to several images that people carry that are reflective of their social, cultural and historical dynamism. It is clearly intricate to tell whether the two women in fact represent a single woman at different points in life (Connors 4). What is very logical in the video is that their ages are contrasting. However, Tan lets the viewers acquire adequate account of their daily rituals. For

Aspects of rural nursing and staff retention Essay

Aspects of rural nursing and staff retention - Essay Example While rural is synonymous with poverty in developing countries, it need not be so in the case of developed countries though disadvantages of being rural are universal throughout the world in respect of inaccessibility of health services in rural areas and shortage of rural nurses. Scharff (1998, p 21) says that†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.being rural means being a long way from anywhere and pretty close to no where†. It is a universal phenomenon that nurses are in short supply regardless of being a developed or a developing country. Nurses are difficult to be retained even in urban areas. As such, nurses and nursing services in rural areas are even more problematic. In the first place, nursing is an occupation of sacrifice in that the nurses have to take care of the patients who must be made to feel at home while they are in the hospital. Nurses are therefore expected to be compassionate and loving their fellow human beings while in distress and this should come from a person naturally who c an be called a prospective nurse. Recruitment of nurses right from their nursing education need to be carefully planned by selecting the right candidates for the profession so that they do not find themselves misfit in the mid-path of their career. Assuming that all the nurses are rightly recruited and only the nurses of right aptitude are serving in the profession, there are still problems in their recruitment and retention attributable to the rurality of the areas of their service and inadequate policies of a country’s Government. And these are the aspects that this research aims to go into with reference to the position obtaining in the U.K. Preliminary search in the literature shows that the there are no dedicated studies available pertaining to the U.K’s rural nursing and retention. The available ones deal with the broad category of rural health aspects wherein the nurses are mentioned along side the General practitioners, Pharmacists and allied

Financial statement analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial statement analysis - Essay Example Supplies is a public company which is engaged in the business of manufacturing and supplying of different electrical components. This study is about the financial ratio analysis of the company for the years 2011 and 2012 The ratio analysis has been performed with the help of the financial information present in the company’s financial statements. Different types of ratios have been calculated and divided into three categories, namely, liquidity ratios, activity ratios and profitability ratios. The liquidity ratios calculated for the company indicate that the company was able to generate more ash revenues in the year 2012 as compared to 2011, and this resulted in improvement in its liquidity position in the year 2012. As regards its activity ratios, the company management was able to manage its receivables more efficiently in 2012 but was not able to manage its inventories that efficiently in the year 2012. Next, regarding its profitability ratios, the company managed to genera te more profit in 2012 and thereby improved its profitability position significantly. However, industry ratios were not used for comparison in this study, which is one of the limitations of this analysis. A4M1 Supplies is engaged in the business of manufacturing and supplying different types of electrical components in the market. This study analyses the financial statements of A4M1 Supplies Company for the years 2011 and 2012. The performance and efficiency of an organization can be evaluated through proper analysis of its financial statements ... It includes calculations of various ratios, which helps in the measurement of the financial performance of a company (Siddiqui, 2006, p.623). Various financial ratios of the A4M1 Supplies have been calculated and interpreted in this study. The ratios have been divided into three categories to indicate the liquidity, activity and profitability position of the company in 2011 and 2012. Analysis of the Liquidity Position of the Company The liquidity position of a company can be better understood trough the use of the liquidity ratios, which have been explained in details in this section. The company's ability to fulfill its current existing liabilities is measured through its liquidity ratios. These liquidity ratios are important for a company like A4M1 Supplies because if the company fails to meet such obligations, it might result in the bankruptcy of the company (Gallagher & Andrew, 2007, p. 94). The liquidity ratios computed for A4M1 Supplies include its current ratio, quick ratio or acid test ratio and cash ratio (Appendix - 1). i. Current Ratio This is one of the commonly used liquidity ratios of a business organization. It helps measure the ability of a company of meeting its existing short-term liabilities (Megginson, & Smart, 2008, p. 49). It is calculated as the ratio of the current assets owned by the firm to its existing current liabilities. The current ratio calculated for the company indicates that it has improved in 2012 as compared to 2011. It means that the company managed to improve its liquidity position in the year 2012 and 178% of the current liabilities of the company are available as liquid assets in the form of current assets of the company. ii. Quick Ratio Quick

Concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Concert review - Essay Example The emperor notes that while the sun is full of majesty and that its rays are all ablaze with ever- living glory he is not intimidated by this for he knows his worth. The emperor further compares himself with the moon which rules the night sky and which by all accounts is not ashamed of its lowly position even given that it only reflects the suns light. By declaring that he knows his worth and that of the moon, the emperor accepts although indirectly that the sun is a greater master. The song paints an ambitious emperor who would like to equal the sun in all its celestial majesty. The Mikado was set in Japan although its target audience was in Europe. At the time, contact between the Japanese and the Europeans had been properly grounded and the Europeans knew a lot about Japanese culture and were eager for more. Being very satirical and targeting British institutions in its satire, the choice of Japanese culture and themes made it easier for the opera to more harshly criticize British institution. As a piece of art however, the Mikado and as an extension The sun, whose rays stands out in many ways no wonder they are loved to this day. The lyrical composition of the song was superb and the theme and setting

Music Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Management - Essay Example supervision of studio inventive administrators, gives a "green light" to studio creation subsidizing, and disperses the finished film with the studio-affiliated wholesaler utilizing the merchants stores to cover P&A costs. An autonomous maker (or screenwriter, chief, performing artist or on-screen character) may have initially presented the thought, idea, fundamental property, layout, summation, treatment or screenplay to the studio, however rights to deliver as a movie were then gained by the studio. In the event that the maker or others stay appended, they do as such as representatives of the studio or venture (Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Production Financing/Distribution Agreement- The independent producer gives the securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from speculators) and takes the arrangement to a studio/merchant with a genuinely finish bundle (i.e., huge components are joined). The studio/merchants cash used to deliver and appropriate the photo. The circulation agreement is gone into (hypothetically) before they begin production or if nothing else before the end of the generation. The merchant will deduct its charge, recover wholesaler costs, and gather enthusiasm on the creation cash credit and after that decrease the negative expense with staying gross receipts, if any(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Negative Pickups (and different manifestations of moneylender creation cash financing) - The free maker gives securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from financial specialists) and acquires one or more merchant responsibilities and insurances. This is to buy the finished picture (for the around the world, residential or global markets, or individual domains) if the completed film meets determined conveyance necessities (as put forward in subtle element in the appropriation agreement)(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). To remain relevant in the industry, the best approach to discover begins with placing ourselves in our clients shoes.

Urban Transportation Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Urban Transportation Problems - Assignment Example ch activities close to each other and to residences, so that the shorter trip changes from what should have been an external trip by motor vehicle, to an internal walk, bike, or transit trip (Feldman, Ewing & Walters, 2010). Because the mixed use configuration is essentially internal and encourages pedestrian and non-automobile transportation methods, the forecasting of traffic patterns through trip generation and traffic projection utilised by practitioners tended to be similar to each other. The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) have formulated a method by which trip generation can be performed. Feldman, Ewing and Walters (2010) describe the procedure in the following steps: The estimated figures are then multiplied by a set of per-unit trip generation rates that ITE has developed, to get a preliminary estimate of the number of vehicle trips that are generated by the site; The initial estimates of generated trips are then lowered by a certain percentage, based on lookup tables by the ITE. The reduction represents the internal capture of trips in the mixed use development. The share of internal trips as shown in the look-up table is multiplied by the total number of trips for each of the different uses, to arrive at a first estimate of internal trips for each use. For each pair of uses (production and attraction, or source and destination use) are reconciled, so that the number of internal trips produced by one use is equal to the number of trips attracted by the other use. The lower of the two estimates of internal trips is the limitation of the number of internal trips created by the other use (Feldman, Ewing & Walters, 2010). The traditional trip generation method developed by the ITE has some advantages when applied to mixed-use development areas. First, the process appears to be objective, because if two different analysts worked on the same data, they will arrive at the same result. The steps used for calculation are specific and do not

Music Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Management - Essay Example supervision of studio inventive administrators, gives a "green light" to studio creation subsidizing, and disperses the finished film with the studio-affiliated wholesaler utilizing the merchants stores to cover P&A costs. An autonomous maker (or screenwriter, chief, performing artist or on-screen character) may have initially presented the thought, idea, fundamental property, layout, summation, treatment or screenplay to the studio, however rights to deliver as a movie were then gained by the studio. In the event that the maker or others stay appended, they do as such as representatives of the studio or venture (Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Production Financing/Distribution Agreement- The independent producer gives the securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from speculators) and takes the arrangement to a studio/merchant with a genuinely finish bundle (i.e., huge components are joined). The studio/merchants cash used to deliver and appropriate the photo. The circulation agreement is gone into (hypothetically) before they begin production or if nothing else before the end of the generation. The merchant will deduct its charge, recover wholesaler costs, and gather enthusiasm on the creation cash credit and after that decrease the negative expense with staying gross receipts, if any(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). Negative Pickups (and different manifestations of moneylender creation cash financing) - The free maker gives securing/improvement financing (or raises such supports from financial specialists) and acquires one or more merchant responsibilities and insurances. This is to buy the finished picture (for the around the world, residential or global markets, or individual domains) if the completed film meets determined conveyance necessities (as put forward in subtle element in the appropriation agreement)(Wise Geek Editors, 2012). To remain relevant in the industry, the best approach to discover begins with placing ourselves in our clients shoes.

Describing an organization or unit of an organization utilizing a Essay

Describing an organization or unit of an organization utilizing a metaphor - Essay Example Also, regular medical check-ups help maintain the physical fitness of workers and guarantee that work flow will not be derailed due to health reasons. The Joint Commission is â€Å"an independent, not-for-profit organization that accredits and certifies more than 15,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States. Joint Commission accreditation and certification is recognized nationwide as a symbol of quality that reflects an organization’s commitment to meeting certain performance standards. â€Å" (from Joint Commission website). Its mission is to â€Å"continuously improve the safety and quality of care provided to the public through the provision of health care accreditation and related services that support performance improvement in health care organizations. â€Å" (Joint Commission website). The Joint Commission provides the premium standards that health care institutions must comply with to ensure that patients are provided the utmost quality of care they deserve. Upon successfully passing the accreditation requirements, the health care organization earns the symbol of quality that reflects the organization’s commitment to excellence – the Joint Commission’s Gold Seal of Approval. To maintain it, the organization should undergo on-site surveys conducted by a Joint Commission survey team at least every three years. The Joint Commission is a renowned organization that has grown to include wide individual and corporate memberships. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Commissioners including physicians, administrators, nurses, employers, a labor representative, health plan leaders, quality experts, ethicists, a consumer advocate and educators. The wide diversity of experiences of the commissioners enriches health care with their professional backgrounds. The corporate membership likewise enjoys an esteemed group of organizations such as the American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgeons, the American Dental

Hinduism and Buddhism Essay Example for Free

Hinduism and Buddhism Essay Hinduism and Buddhism are two of the renowned religions world widely. Hinduism is the religion of the great majority of the people of India. The word comes from the Sanskrit sindhu, â€Å"river,† and originally referred to the Indus. Hinduism is actually a collection of many native Indian religions, past and present. It is responsible for the social structure of India, especially for the caste system (a hereditary class system). Hinduism has about 20 sects, with beliefs that range from primitive forms of animism to the highest reaches of mysticism and philosophy. Many of the sects and cults seem to be separate religions. Yet all have a family relationship since they spring from common traditions and thrive. Hindus believe in rebirth, or reincarnation, and in what they call the law of karma. Under this law the conditions of each new lifetime are determined by the actions of the preceding life. To the Hindu, salvation consists of liberating the soul from attachment to worldly desires in order to gain union with Brahman. If a Hindu dies liberated he must be born again into this world and again endure its suffering (Stutley, 2004). The Vedas describe four main castes. 1. The Brahmins exercise spiritual power. (Brahmin is also spelled Brahman). 2. The Kshatriyas are warriors who exercise secular power. 3. The Vaisyas are merchants and cultivators. 4. The Sudras are artisans and laborers. Hindu worship for most part takes place in the home. A Hindu temple or shrine is considered an abode of deity and is not used for communal worship. There are kinds of Hindu clergy. Temple priests collect offerings and care for the temples and shrines. Domestic priests perform rites involving births, marriages, and deaths. Gurus are spiritual teachers. Sadhus are monks; most live in monasteries, but many live as wandering mendicants (beggars) (Chaudhuri, 1999). While Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (â€Å"Buddha,† or â€Å"The Enlightened One†) in India about 500 B. C. Buddhism is the chief religion of Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Kampuchea, Laos, and China. It has been estimated that about one-fifth of the world’s people are Buddhists. Because many Buddhists also practice Confucianism or Taoism, however, some authorities estimate world membership to be much smaller. In the United States, there are a number of organized Buddhist congregations (Carrithers, 2003). Buddhism consists of numerous sects with varying practices and beliefs. Some of these sects are so different from the others that they appear to be separate religions. But all sects have in common the belief that they are following the principles laid down by Gautama. Early Buddhism, the religion as taught by Gautama, developed into two branches—Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism (Mizuno, 2001). Although Buddhism was originally a reform movement that rejected certain beliefs and practices of Hinduism, the two religions have several important beliefs in common. Among them are reincarnation, the ideas that a living thing can be reborn in a new body; the law of karma, which holds that events in life are effects whose cause lies in previous lives and acts; and liberation, or salvation, the state of being free of the law of karma and rebirth (Conze, 2002). According to Buddhism, liberation is attained through understanding and practice of the Four Noble Truths: 1. There is suffering in life. 2. Suffering is caused by desire for pleasure, existence, and prosperity. 3. Suffering and rebirth cease when one ceases such desires, leading to enlightenment, or Nirvana, a blessed state in which peace, harmony, and joy are attained. The Eightfold Path is also called the Middle Way—because of its emphasis on avoiding such extremes as following sensuous pleasures on the one hand, and self-punishment on the other. The Buddhists must at all times observe in the high moral principles described in the Eightfold path, which emphasizes nonviolence and the brotherhood of all. Reference: 1. Carrithers, Michael. The Buddha (Oxford University 2003). 2. Chaudhuri, N. C. Hinduism: A Religion to Live by (Oxford University, 1999). 3. Conze, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism (Allen Unwin, 2002). 4. Mizuno, Kogen. Basic Buddhist Concepts (Tuttle, 2001). 5. Stutley, Margaret James. Harper’s Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore, Philosophy, Literature, and History (Harper Row, 2004).

Secularism in India | Evaluation

Secularism in India | Evaluation The term secularism has its origin in Europe. This term was first used during the end of the Thirty years war (Europe) in the year 1648.During that period secularism merely meant transfer of church properties to the king or the state. Secularism played a major role in the French revolution and later this term formulated by George Holyoake from England to refer to the various rationalist movements under him in the year1851. Through this term he analysed his views of promoting social order without the domination of any culture or religious beliefs. Hence secularism can be defined as process by which sectors of society and culture are removed from the domination of religious institutions and symbols.  [1]  In west, secularism is referred to as separation of church from the state. Many religious leaders, journalists, politicians firmly believe that west is secular but however minorities are dominated by religion. The secularization thesis clearly states that in the west Christianity is declining, the number of people going to church have reduced considerably .At the same time secularism is also prevalent in the public forum like schools, universities, different institutions and also work place. The discussions are completely based on secular basis. Secularism in the west is a complete exception to the global trend. But however this too is subjected to a few exceptions like Africa, Latin America and also in the south East, Christianity is a dominated religion and culture. In few regions of Africa, middle east and Asia, Islam is taking a powerful shape. In the west secular policy was very strong among the Jews. The founder of Zionism , Theodor Herzl and other founders of political Zionism were strong secularists. The most important principle stated by George Holyoake is: Secularism is a name given to a series of principles of positivism intended for the guidance of those who find theology indefinite or inadequate or deem it unreliable.  [2]  This clearly states that there is a wide path between secular principles and theology. In the 19th century the concept of secularism gave rise to a number of other different ideas like nationalism, feminism, socialism etc. Nationalism was a very strong secular force implying that in many nations religion played a subordinate role. However in India, secularism is a different concept as compared to the west. The framers of the Indian Constitution did not follow the western principles. In India the features of a secular state are: All people have the equal freedom of conscience and religion. There is no discrimination on the grounds of religion. There are no communal electorates The state has the power to regulate any activity (economic, social) that is concerned with religion. Untouchability has been declared illegal by article 17. Every religious denomination has the right to establish institutions for promoting religious knowledge and charity. No citizen will be discriminated on grounds of religion in employment matters under state and admission in educational institutions. State revenue cannot be used to promote any kind of religious activity. Hence secularism was added to the Indian constitution by the 42nd amendment of 1976 to preserve the rich heritage culture of India. The preamble clearly states that We the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic  [3]  . The purpose of adding the word secular to our constitution was established in the case M.P Gopalakrishna nair vs state of kerela  [4]  . This was done to promote national unity and universal brotherhood. Secularism according to the court was prevention of establishing a state religion or formation of a atheist society. The Hindi word of secularism is dharmanirapekshata which means indifference towards all religion. However the state is against the religious social evils like sati, female infanticide, polygamy, child marriage etc. HISTORY OF SECULARISM In India secularism was founded in 5th century B.C, when the Jains,Buddhists and charavakas rejected the power and authority of the Vedas and idols and considered it as a false belief. Religion has always been an important aspect of peoples life because India is not a monoreligious country. India s old hindu scriptures like the Upanishads also emphasise on secular principles. According to the people it was impossible to separate religion from their social life. This mindset began to change when the East India Company established their power and control in India. The British instituted different laws for Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, Christians and Sikhs. This laid foundation for the divide and rule policy. Different religious sects began to establish religious institutions and places of worship giving priority to a particular religion. Previously rulers like satavahnas, guptas, moghuls and kushanas paid equal respect to all religion. In the pre independence and post independence era there had been a consistent increase in the concept of secularism. Leaders like mahatma Gandhi who practiced religion in politics found it necessary to separate the two to prevent inequality between the mass. Jawaharlal Nehru also supported secularism ,he failed to establish the uniform civil code due to religious and political pressure. B.P Jeevan Reddy in S.R Bommai viewed secularism as a positive concept as it treats all religion equally and it is strongly connected to liberty and social justice.  [5]  According to justice P.B sawant secularism is a creed of universal brotherhood and humanism  [6]  . J.S verma observed through the case M. Ismail faruqui the concept of secularism is one facet of the right of equality woven as the central golden thread in the fabric depicting the pattern of the scheme in our constitution  [7]  . DIFFERENT SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENTS ON SECULARISM Supreme courts first recognition of secularism was in case sardar taheruddin seydna sahib v state of Bombay  [8]  . This case broadly explained the articles 25 and 26 of the Indian constitution and also specified that the secular nature of the India is the strong base of the constitution. Also in keshavnanda bharti v state of kerela  [9]  the 13 judge bench decided that secularism was the basic law of the land and it is unamendable. A land mark judgement in secularism is in the case of S.R Bommai v Union Of India  [10]  .It had important implications on the cente-state relations.The nine judge bench decided that secularism in India is based on religious tolerance.It also stated that any state government which adopted any unsecular means would be subjected to dismissal.The court dismissed BJP led state governments of Himachal Pradesh , Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh , rajasthan and uttar Pradesh. IS INDIA ACTUALLY SECULAR? Although the constitution of India clearly states that India is a secular state it is becoming increasingly difficult to follow and maintain the principles of secularism. Hence this research article will analyse the various sectors where India has failed to uphold its secular structure. The most important challenge of Indian secularism is the growing power of the Hindus. Earlier also the country had strong ties with Hinduism which lead to the suppression of other religions. India is thus represented as a Hindu state . The discrimination can be analysed on various grounds like constitutional, religious,legislative and employment oppurtunities. To begin with article 290 A  [11]  of the Indian constitution clearly states that a sum of forty six lakhs and fifty thousand rupees and a sum of thirteen lakhs and fifty thousand rupees respectively, are paid every year out of the kerela and tamil nadu consolidated fund to the Dewaswom funds for the maintenance of hindu shrines. This is a clear discrimination of the of the constitutional provision which states that state revenue cannot be used to maintain religious institutions. Secondly the Indian government pays a sum of 413 crores a year for the haj journeys of muslims to Saudi Arabia. Andhra Pradesh pays a sum of rs 2 crore for the journey of Christians to Bethlehem. Secondly article 25  [12]  states that freedom of religion to all but article 25(2) states that social welfare and reform throwing open of Hindu religious institution of public character to all classes and sections of hindus. The constitution does not define a hindu but it clearly states a hindu is a follow er of buddhism, Jainism and and Sikhism. This classification is done for the purpose of temple entry. Hence this is clearly against the principles of secularism. Thirdly the Hindu marriage act of 1955 was a clear attempt to bring the Sikhs , jains and Buddhists under the fold of Hinduism and it clearly states that a hindu is a person who is not a sikh , muslim or parsi. Every year a population cencus is conducted in the tribal areas to determine the majority of the hindu population. Even in the legislative sphere there has been outright discrimination of secularism. In the year 1982 when a large number of dalits had converted to islam due to the oppression of the upper caste hindus, Indira Gandhi found this situation as the threat to national security. In article 25 (1)  [13]  of the Indian constitution it is clearly stated that all people will be allowed to practice and profess any religion of their choice. But in the year 1954, the congress government in Madhya Pradesh along w ith seven other states legislatures of anrunachal Pradesh , gujrat , himachal Pradesh,orrissa, rajasthan and Tripura passed laws restricting conversions from Hinduism to any other religion while allowing all conversions to Hinduism. This was done to increase and maintain the domination of hindus in the country. Even in the babri masjid demolition case which was initiated by the congress government and hindu activists to build a ram temple by destroying the masjid led to communal violence and riots between thousands of Hindus and Muslims. But Muslim victims had outnumbered the Hindu victims. The police failed to protect the Muslims and were very harsh and violent in dispersing them. The violent Hindu movement spread turmoil throughout the country putting an official end to secularism and declaring India as a Hindu state. During this period the governments of Maharashtra and uttar Pradesh sent funds to rebuild somnath temple which was officially inaugurated by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Also in the education sphere there has been outright and violent discrimination. Article 16 (2) states that there will be no discrimination on the basis of religion for granting employment opportunities to the people. However the presidential orders of 1950 and 1956 provides benefit only to the schedule caste and tribes belonging to Hinduism , Jainism or Sikhism but not to muslim and Christians. If any person changed their religion after obtaining the job , then he / she also had to forfeit the job and other benefits that were given in course of employment. After the year 1947 the hindu army was adopted as the Indian army leaving 20000 muslims jobless. While a sikh has all the right to become an army general and occupy any post ,muslims are not given any such preferences. They are generally given the lower post . A hindu temple before the army cantonment clearly provides a picture that non hindus are not a part of our defence. The other instances proving India is a unsecular country are the ban on cow slaughter that left thousands of butchers jobless and poor people deprived of their basic nutrition. Cows are considered religious by the hindu upper caste society but not by the muslims or Christians. Most of the government ceremonies begin with hindu rituals like lighting the lamp etc. All functions of the central and state ministry begin with saraswati vardana. The inauguration of all government buildings throughout the nation and in other nations begin with a hindu puja clearly stating that india is a hindu state. N.T Ramarao the chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh did not object to spend government funds for maintaining the images of venkateshwara even though it is clearly stated in our constitution that funds of the government cannot be used for maintaining any religious institution or idol. School children of various states like Maharashtra and Gujrat are forced to perform surya namaskar. Most of the text books emphasise on Hinduism. The large stone image o f Vishnu in front of the IGP headquarters in Bangalore clearly moves against the policy of a secular state. Till 1980 all india radio programmes began with hindu lyrics like vande ma taram , vandana etc. Aligarh university , one of the oldest university in India have an annual budget of rs 245 crore that is granted by the government. Only hahal meat is served in the campus and there is no place for hindu religious ceremonies. A muslim man is allowed to practice polygamy while a hindu man is not until he converts to islam. Other instances of discrimination : In west Bengal a man named shaik azizur rehman runs a shop with the name of Rajib Mallick because reavling his original identity would lead to alot of discrimination on the basis of religion. Before going for fishing hasina khatoon takes off her arm band embossed with allah and puts vermillion to maintain a hindu appearance among the customers.  [14]  Hence all these illustrations clearly state that India is not a secular country and it is slowly becoming mono religious. Should Homosexuals Be Allowed to Legally Marry? Debate Should Homosexuals Be Allowed to Legally Marry? Debate Introduction The debate on the legality of homosexual marriages has been considered both as an unwarranted feat and as belated act of liberty worth celebrating yet this status ruins the institution of marriage. This paper is written in a thesis-antithesis-synthesis pattern, addressing the issues raised by opponents of homosexual unions as well as the reasoning of its advocates. Finally, it is gives the writers opinion a synthesis of the two opposing arguments – guided by reasoned insights. Part I: The Legal Marriage of Homosexuals is not warranted Many criticisms have been piled on the prospects of homosexuals lawful sanctification of their union. Somehow the basis of these anti-homosexuals legal marriage is not far-fetched. Here are some reasons that have been used to buttress the attitude. The legalization of same-sex unions grossly undermines the institution of marriage. A marriage that comprises of persons of the same gender is in itself a self-contradiction. When these unions are legally allowed to thrive, the institution will suffer irreparable damage. The reason being, marriage is perceived as sacred especially from the religious quarters, an institution sanctified by God between a man and a woman for mutual companionship. Children are the fruits of such holy matrimonies (Maccio, 2010). Homosexuals contradict it, allowing their passions to override the holy decree. Furthermore, same-sex unions are always considered open relationships meaning that partners involved do not necessarily have to be committed to each other sexually, psychologically, emotionally and socially. This translates into a blow to the monogamous unions and by extension holy matrimony. Same-sex unions are conventionally considered unnatural and it does not take an apt mind a second to think otherwise. So, how can an unnatural union be naturally unionable? Heterosexual relationships are the norm, both in society and in nature. Why has man, as rational as he is, been passionately driven by sexual pleasure to the heights of finding it from the same gender? Brutes in their irrationality do not indulge in this! The greatest favor that should be done them is tolerance, nothing more. They should not be validated by the state nor recognized as a form of marriage because of their abnormality and unnaturality. The legal status of this union encourages many of the same and therefore the human species is destined to extinction. It is a self evident fact that the sexual intercourse between homosexuals of whatever ilk does not procreate life. Lesbians and gays, alike have sex primarily for pleasure and therefore no human conception can arise. If say three-quarters of the human population goes homosexual, there will not be any human being left walking on the surface of this planet with at least a couple of centuries (Hollowell, 2010). Homosexuals themselves, together with their sympathizers argue that they can become good parents. To whom can they parent? Adopted children, they say. Granted, they can be even excellent parents as they claim, but the psychological development of the child or children that they are parenting is at stake. Naturally, human beings have the orientation towards the two sexes and that is precisely the reason that a female parent is referred by the child as mother, and the male parent father. So in a legal family that comprises of two fathers gays; or two mothers lesbians; how does the child under their custody expected to grow normally? Are they not putting the welfare of the child at the expense of their pleasurable adventures? Is the legal body that authorizes this abnormal family doing any justice to the child? Besides, this is a horribly repugnant precedence that the homocouples are setting to the children under their parentage. Most likely, when such children come of age, they will copy the lifestyle of their parents and there by continue perpetuating the ignoble idiosyncrasy to subsequent generations (Kuyper, 1993). Marriage is a symbol that represents cultural ideals about sex, sexuality, and human relationships. These ideals define an individuals self identity and therefore, when the traditional nature of marriage is interfered with by sneaking in homosexual tendencies, peoples basic identities are challenged (Dankmeijer, 1993). Part II: Legalization of Same-sex Unions is long overdue Quite a number of homosexuals and their supporters have been waiting with abated breath for the landmark ruling that accord same-sex unions a legal marriage status. It has been hailed as a gesture that reinstates sexual liberty to individuals who hitherto had suffered silently when this right was trampled upon. The anti-homosexuals argue that legal marriage is strictly between a man and a woman. Defining marriage on the basis of sex does beg the question of how sexes are defined. Though the traditional categories of male and female appear separate, there are indeterminate cases in reality which do not match these categories. Therefore the assumption made here is that the clarity of biological concepts corresponds to social concepts. Take for example, Daniel was born female but changed his sex and became male; and now he wants to marry his partner Chloe. By accepting the above reason, Daniel can only marry a male even though by outward appearance he is male. Put differently, if a woman changes her sex and acquires physical traits of a man, would not it be legal for this person to marry a woman? (Maccio, 2010) The consideration of marriages as a religious rite is missing the mark since exclusive religious tenets are used to define it. Consequently, legalizing homosexual marriages is a mortal sin that beckons the wrath of God to a state. It is an indubitable fact that the nature of marriage has varied in every era and from every society. Therefore, it has been difficult to find a conventional definition of marriage. Marriage has never been a creation of religion, if anything the state has always treated it as a private contract with public implications. Thus the basis of marriage was on the wishes of free, consenting adults (Cott, 2002). The claim that homosexual marriage is not a home for protection and procreation of children; hence a threat to human extinction is refutable. This claim is anchored in the assumption that sex as the natural end of marriage is for procreation. It can be argued that, following this premise, a couple whose sexual intercourse cannot bring forth a child should not be allowed to marry, all the more homosexuals. The implications of this reason would mean that heterosexual marriages with infertile couple due to various reasons are outlawed as well. Similarly, couples who voluntarily resolved to be childless should not be allowed to marry legally. The impulsion for marriage is love not children (Senreich, 2010). Opponents of homosexual marriages argue that such relationships are unnatural and abnormal and therefore should only be tolerated not legalized. Here, heterosexual relationship is taken as natural because that is what is found in nature. Since nature does not provide for homosexual relationship it is unnatural and ought to be abhorred by the society (Senreich, 2010). Well, are not human a part of nature? If yes, then homosexual relationships are also a part of this nature. Brutes which are part of this nature do not engage in legal marital contracts, does it as consequence mean that the legal marriage as an institution is unnatural and should be outlawed? The argument that legalizing homosexual marriage undermines the institution of marriage does not hold water. It baffles the minds of proponents how a legal marriage between homosexuals damage the heterosexual marriage. Consideration should be made here that the opponents use religion to smoothen their disapproval. Marriage is governed by the civil/secular law. Period (Geest, 1993). Part III: Homosexual Marriages do not merit Legal Status Having painstakingly considered the arguments from both sides of the debate on the legalization of same-sex marriages, the writer hereof opposes according legal status to such unions. To begin with, marriage as an institution derives its sanctity from interplay between instinct and reason. Considering that the sexual instinct is primarily for procreation, man ought to use his rationality to direct this force appropriately. The pleasurable part of the act is secondary and therefore should not be allowed to define a person. The reason is, if man becomes myopic with the secondary end of sexual instinct; and remains consistently so, then human species destiny is at stake. It may sound religious but thoughtful reflection reveals so. Marriage is therefore an institution where under natural circumstances male and female partners are freely allowed to procreate (Geest, 1993). However, if the primary end cannot be realized due to illnesses or old age, the intent warrants its sanctity. The proponents of homosexual marriages are largely silent on the parentage of children of homosexuals, adopted or otherwise. They secretly recognize the psychological as well as sociological damage that they wrought to the development of these children (Paul, 1993). Its not disputable that they can have the custody of children either through adoption, surrogate motherhood, artificial insemination, or previous heterosexual relationships. What is paramount here is the welfare of these little children in regard to their development into adults of sound minds. In this consideration homosexual parentage of children is looked at vis-à  -vis heterosexual. If for instance, Kathleen is being raised by two mothers, she is being deprived of the experience of being with a father. Recent research as well as the common experience suggests that a father and a mother together provide by far the best surrounding in which a child may be raised. The reason being men and women contribute different gend er-connected strengths and attributes to their childrens development. Erik Erikson differentiates the kinds of love to children: fathers love more dangerously because their love is more expectant and instrumental than that of mothers (Wardle n.d. p. 846). Children from homosexual families will are likely to exhibit the homosexual tendencies of the parents and become one of such in adulthood (Kuyper, 1993). The homosexual marriage remains unnatural not because it cannot be found existing among natural brutes which constitute nature, but because the act itself is solely for pleasure. If anything there are creatures which show tendencies akin to homosexuals. Man is endowed with incredible intellect and he should use it to discern what underlies some of his cravings before allowing himself to be held hostage by them. Conclusion To surmise, the debate on the legality of homosexual marriages has been considered both as an unwarranted feat and as belated act of liberty worth celebrating yet this status ruins the institution of marriage. As it can be seen from the text, the arguments of pro-homosexual marriages are aimed at winning rather than analyzing the facts that belie the orientation. References Cott, N. (2002). Public Vow: A History of Marriage and the Nation. New York, NY: Harvard University Press Dankmeijer, P. (1993). Journal of Homosexuality: The Construction of Identities as a Means of Survival. 24(3), pp. 95-105. Geest, H. (1993). Journal of Homosexuality: Homosexuality and Marriage. 24(3), pp.115-123. Hollowell, K. (2010). World Net Daily: Homosexuality: Evolution of the human race. Retrieved on March 24th, 2010, from: http://www.wnd.com/index.php/index.php?pageId=23492> Kuyper, E. (1993). Journal of Homosexuality: The Freudian Construction of Sexuality. 24(4), pp 137-144. Maccio, E. (2010). Journal of Homosexual: Influence of Family, Religion, and Social Conformity on Client Participation in Sexual Reorientation Therapy. 57(3), pp. 441-458. Paul, J. (1993). Journal of Homosexuality: Childhood Cross-Gender Behavior and Adulthood Homosexuality. 24(3), pp. 41-54. Senreich, E. (2010). Journal of Homosexuality: The Effects of Honesty and Openness About Sexual Orientation on Gay and Bisexual Clients in Substance Abuse Programs.57(3), pp 364-383. Wardle, L. (n.d.) Website of Family Action: The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children. Retrieved on March 24th, 2010, from: http://www.familyaction.org/PDFs/h-parenting.pdf>

Intervention Essay -- essays research papers

This intervention has to deal with trying to increase my total weight and number of repetitions for weight lifting. The main problem I have been having, mostly with my bench press, has to do with being stuck at one weight at times and not being able to increase the maximum lift or get any more reps out of the workout. I have tried to "shock my system" by increasing the weights to a weight that I could only do one or two times. I have also tried building up my endurance through using less weight for more reps at times. No matter which I have tried, I always seem to get stuck at one point or another. The reason that I chose this form of intervention was because I have tried to talk to many people about why this occurs, but they all seem to agree that it happens to everyone and there is no way to get around it. If I could find a way to avoid this, it would improve my workout a great deal and I would be able to progress at a quicker rate. Besides with the bench, I will occasionally run into problems with any of the power exercises that I do. The military press, front and back, and 21's cause the most problems next to the bench presses. Since separating both shoulders in a skiing accident, I tend to have pains in my shoulders if I work them too hard. Hopefully, by using imagery and setting some short-term goals I would be able to increase the weight much easier than without. I believe that when I visually see the weights on the bar, intimidation may set in and there may be some doubt. If I am able to switch that to positive thought, it may effect how well I am able to lift the desired weight. Besides these exercises, I also chose to track the progress of my push up counts based on sets of three and two other forms of curls. On the bench that I used, I used a bar for one form of curls and I also used the bench curl attachment. I tracked these two not because I was having trouble, but because I wanted to see if either one made a difference in the type of progress that was being made. Subject Age: 22 Gender: Male Major: Sports Management History of Concerns: I discovered this problem when I first began to train in high school. Once I began I made quick and effective progress, but fell into a sort of "slump" for a few weeks on my bench press when I could... ...time of lift, the order of the exercises, type of music, and other factors, lifts on one day vary from those on another. If I were to have recorded these factors at the times of the workouts, there could have been a more accurate conclusion. The weight did increase overall, but that could be just do to the fact that I kept a steady workout regimen and I was able to produce more effectively. That happens regardless of the situations. Most articles believe that imagery and setting goals have a strong impact on the final results. I am not convinced, but I feel that with more research and more accurate record keeping, the relationship could be discovered. Work Cited 1. Schlosberg, Suzanne, "Let's Get Visual", Men's Fitness, August 1998, vol. 14, p. 1-2. 2. www.sover.net/~timw.mental.htm (Strength and Conditioning Coach, Sport Nutrition Consultant, Houston, TX) 3. Buchanan, Dale, "Setting Goals for Fast Results", Lift for Life, September 1, 2000, p.90 4. Lester, Scott, "Weighing the Options", Recreation Resources, November, 1999, p. 17-21

The United States Constitutional History History Essay

The United States of America is a land of free-spirited people where they lead lives of their pick, in general footings, of class. The authorities that runs the state bases itself upon the Constitution, one of the oldest written fundamental laws in the universe today. The figure one aim that lay behind the creative activity of a written Constitution was to put the foundations for a strong and well-disciplined cardinal authorities in order to counter the effects of the old ages of agitation and emotion that had been caused by the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union that had served as the agencies of regulating the independent settlements of America from 1778 forward ( US Constitution: Americans.Net, 2010 ) . The United States Constitution has been functioning as the theoretical account upon which several other authoritiess all over the universe have based their ain fundamental laws ( Katz, 2010 ) . In the United States, the Constitution serves as the footing for all Torahs, and this paper focuses on the unbelievable history of the papers and how it relates to Americans ‘ lives today. The Constitution was written in the City of Brotherly Love, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1787. The Continental Congress of the New American Republic was responsible for its devise, and the settlements really adopted the Constitution in 1789. The intent of the authorities is found in the Preamble to the Constitution. For the authorities to be a success, the Establishing Fathers established three primary rules on which the American authorities is based: built-in rights or rights that anyone life in America has ; self authorities or authorities by the people ; and separation of powers, or subdivisions with different powers. Through the clip since the Constitution was drafted, this papers has seemingly worked ; it has merely been amended twenty seven times. The papers is known as a life papers because it can be amended. The Constitution is a papers strong plenty for safety, and at the same clip, it is flexible plenty to let for freedoms. The Constitution is organized into three parts: a p reamble that describes the intent of the papers and authorities ; articles that set up how the authorities is structured and how the Fundamental law can be changed ; and the amendments ( alterations to the Constitution ; the first 10 are called the Bill of Rights ) ( Ben ‘s Guide, 2010 ) . As a point of historical mention, the Articles of Confederation were the first written authorities certification of the United States ( Biggs, 2010 ) . It was during the period after the American Revolution or what is besides known as the American War of Independence elsewhere in the universe, that this papers was created so that the several settlements that had been involved in the war could be brought or bound together. The war was fought from 1775 to 1783 between Great Britain and the 13 British settlements that existed in North America and their Alliess France and Spain ( Biggs, 2010 ) . This war resulted in the overthrow of British regulation and the constitution of the new United States of America ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The 13 settlements that had been under the regulation of Great Britain besides signed The Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the Continental Congress subsequently ratified it on July 4, 1776, which, to this twenty-four hours, is celebrated as the American Independence Day all over the United States. Great Britain officially recognized the long anticipated independency of all of the American settlements through a declaration, the Treaty of Paris, in 1783. Some background about the events of this period and the assorted wars that led to the formal sign language of the Declaration of Independence are necessary in order to understand the conditions of America at that clip ( Katz, 2010 ) . It was during the 1760 ‘s that the Seven Years War that had been fought between the old ages 1756 to 1763 came to an terminal and France ceded Canada to Great Britain ; King George III had in the interim ascended the throne of Great Britain in the twelvemonth 1760. There was great unrest, nevertheless, and the authorities came under a batch of terrible unfavorable judgment from all topographic points, peculiarly from people like John Wilkes ; furthermore, this unrest began to distribute to the British American settlements. During the 1770 ‘s the agitation grew, and dealingss between Great Britain and the 13 American settlements were going progressively stressed. In 1775, things became so badly strained that the contingency of a war interrupting out between the assorted cabals became a world, and at that place was contending in Lexington and Concord in North America, and this heralded the beginning of the American Revolution. Independence that up until so was merely a obsc ure construct became a necessity after the reading of the publication Common Sense by Thomas Paine, who advocated non partial but ‘full ‘ independency ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . In 1776 independency was officially declared, and this declaration was referred to as the Lee Resolution named so after the reading of this papers by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776. The papers was presented to the Continental Congress, which was the original federal legislative assembly of the 13 settlements, and that subsequently became the legislative assembly of the independent United States of America from 1774 to 1789, during which clip the American Revolution had taken topographic point. There were, in fact, two Continental United states congresss ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The alleged Intolerable Acts passed by the British in 1774 to stem the turning unrest in American British settlements acted as the ground for the American Revolution to hold taken topographic point, and this in bend led to the creative activity of the first Continental Congress. These terrible punitory Acts include, among others, the Quartering Act, the Quebec Act, the Currency Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, etc. In add-on, there was the Stamp Act that had led to the formation of the Stamp Congress, and at that place was widespread dissatisfaction and unrest following this act. The settlements were united against the British in their pursuit for independency. This led to the bonding of the settlements and as understanding for them grew, there was a demand for the different authoritiess to maintain in touch with one another, united against the British regulation. The First Continental Congress was hence formed in 1774, but it was highly short lived ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . However, the First Continental Congress was able to carry through the drafting of the Articles of Association, which was really a request of ailments and grudges of the 13 settlements against the British regulation, and stated that certain economic countenances would be imposed so that some kind of declaration would be arrived at. It is widely supposed that this really of import papers had the consequence of rushing the start of the American Revolution. The thought behind the Articles of Association was that all British goods would be boycotted, and exports of goods to Great Britain would be ended, unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed. Though the boycott proved to be successful, but the directive of changing the Intolerable Acts could non be implemented since there was an eruption of unfastened contending at this clip. The Second Continental Congress was formed in the twelvemonth 1775 and functioned until the twelvemonth 1789 ( Katz, 2010 ) . By 1775, the Congress had changed its policy to openly back up rebellions, and the Continental Army was formed to function the map of supplying a individual bid station for the 13 settlements that were contending British regulation. George Washington was nominated as Commander in Chief. Quite a few conflicts back uping the 13 settlements and the rebellion against the British were fought by the Continental Army under George Washington: of note were the Siege of Boston, the Battles of Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, and Yorktown. The Siege of Boston was one of the more of import conflicts fought from 1775 to 1776. Though the besieging was non every bit successful as it was hoped to be, the existent consequence was that the Continental Army became a existent force for the British to think with, and besides united the settlements into a individual force against the dictatorship of the British regulation ( Katz, 2010 ) . The Declaration of Independence in 1776 came during a clip that it was used as a tool for the intent of propaganda, in which the several settlements under British regulation in America tried to acquire those settlements that were still loath to fall in in the battle for independency to fall in them, every bit good as to arouse such foreign assistance as may be possible in this battle for a worthy cause, that of independency. Members of the Continental Congress became united in this battle, though they were really good cognizant that the Revolution could neglect, in which instance they would all lose their lives. Therefore, the Revolution had to win. The constructs of natural jurisprudence and that of self-government were strongly recommended in the declaration. Some of the outside influences on the Declaration of Independence were those of the Act of Abjuration from the Dutch Republic, and the Hagiographas of Algernon Sydney every bit good as those of John Locke. In add-on, several r ules of the establishing male parents ‘ thoughts were besides included in the Declaration, and these served to be the foundation for the authorship of the U.S. Constitution that came shortly thenceforth. The same theoretical account has been used by several other states in the universe in their declarations of independency ( United States Declaration of Independence, 2010 ) . It is a misguided construct that American sires were in fact entirely responsible for the creative activity of the Constitution and the democracy that modern America continues to bask. However, this is a error, since it has been proven that these sires did non really want to make a democracy ; they wanted to make a republican type of authorities that would be meant wholly for the people of America, but that would non supply people from all walks of life to take part in the devising of the authorities by voting and moving as representative leaders of the common people. The sires were really surprised at the consequence that the sign language of the Constitution had created, at the democratic society and authorities that resulted after the confirmation of the Constitution ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The confirmation in itself was a long one, and it involved in no little portion the reading of the written Constitution by each province for the ground of confirmation, for which each province was required to make an independent ratifying commission headed up by particular delegates. The treatments of the advantages and the disadvantages of the freshly written fundamental law began about instantly after it was signed, and the two opposing cabals of the Federalists ( to whom the bulk of the sires belonged ) , and the Anti-Federalists, who formed the opposing group, brought these frontward. The feeling in America at the clip of the authorship of the Constitution was that of pro-democracy. The political every bit good as the industrial clime was that of a democracy. Peoples who had been considered underclass citizens found themselves to be on a degree with everyone else, and they could even run for office if they desired to make so ( Katz, 2010 ) . Everyone had the right to vote, and people like the common husbandman, the labourer, and the local merchandiser or artisan declared that they excessively had a rightful topographic point within their authorities, and their friends did their best to promote them and to vote them into power. By 1825, the construct of cosmopolitan white male right to vote came into being, and political office came to be meant for the common man excessively. This resulted in political relations going a concern of covering and wheeling where everyone had an equal right to vote and besides to run for office. Monarchy was replaced by democracy, and this led to equality, which up to today is one of the basic rules of democracy in the American Constitution, brought into clear accent by the Declaration of Independence ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Equality was meant to travel across all walks of life ; for illustration, in the chase of belongings, or of felicity, etc. , and this chase was furthered in a broad every bit good as a actual mode, and people were bit by bit larning to do major determinations on their ain alternatively of depending, as had been the tradition until so, on their higher-ups, who were people wealthier than they were. The long held rules of benevolence and backing by the wealthy who were able to and would traditionally confer wealths or anything else of value on the traditionally hapless and needy was now being replaced at a rapid rate, and these people were going progressively less necessary for the being of the lower categories. Therefore, the system of category differentiation where there was a distinguishable division between the upper and the lower categories based on wealth and other standard was being abolished and was being replaced by an classless society where everyone was an equal in the eyes o f the jurisprudence ( Katz, 2010 ) . The several politicians who were traditionally comfortable blue bloods with big land retentions and with perfectly no involvement in other people ‘s wealth were being replaced by those people who believed in the construct that those who had no function to play in the market place and who would non really be cognizant of the workings of the market topographic point ; hence, entire engagement of all the participants was perfectly necessary, and therefore those blue bloods who did non acquire wholly involved in the workings of the market would decidedly non be cognizant of all its facets of working and would besides non be cognizant of the day-to-day modus operandi in the life of the common adult male. The blue blood was, in fact, being ridiculed for his slothful and even evil behaviour because he was a adult male of leisure and was hence blowing his clip, and the belief that the elect knew what was best was besides altering quickly, and the common adult male was being represented by his ain sort in political relations ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Equality and equal chance for all, and the engagement of everyone in commercialism and work of his state were taking topographic point. Everyone was extoling the single attempt and this encouraged all those interested to take portion in the workings of the market, therefore conveying the rules of enlightenment and the ensuing republicanism to the bow forepart. Superiority of the elite was abolished and the single attempt was recognized and self-assertion became the norm. The economic destiny rested on the person and this resulted in the crowding of more and more people into the major metropoliss in their hunt for more and better resources to foster their ain economic position. This mode of endeavoring for being better than earlier resulted in the creative activity of an industrial energy that resulted in the development of the spirit of competition and individuality and besides the demand to be difficult working and hardworking, in a topographic point where the demand for labour and commercialism was widely expressed ( Katz, 2010 ) . All labour began to be considered every bit of import, whether it was done with the head or with the custodies, and this became the mantra for the mean American, who kept in head the rule that the American citizen had to fight valorously for the accomplishment of certain ends like rapid advancement and gaining of belongings and felicity at the terminal of it. This spirit of rugged individuality and fight had the consequence of people being wary of one another and non in the least concerned with each other ‘s public assistance ; they besides became cognizant that they would non be able to swear anyone else, particularly one in a place of high quality in the authorities, and this feeling brought about the outgrowth of the new construct of local democracy of the American that personified the thought of interest-group political relations ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The construct of equality became so embedded in the heads of ordinary people that the mean American came to believe that there was no individual force or individual on Earth who was in any manner at all superior to themselves. Thus it was that the ordinary and common adult male eventually found a voice for his sentiments and he was able to come in the governmental organisation at all points available to him. He was in bend bale to convey to the attending of the authorities all the little and infinitesimal inside informations of which merely he was aware of up until that point of clip. It was at this clip that partiality became an of import characteristic of the American authorities that was built on trust, and people began to organize parties based on the same rule of trust. Government occupations now became ‘payable ‘ and wages were paid to those in authorities services, as against the ages old pattern of volunteering and hence no fee being collectible to voluntaries ( I ntroduction, 2010 ) . American federalism that came into being more than two hundred old ages ago is still in the procedure of encouraging and besides implementing a big figure of alterations in its fundamental law. All the three types of the regulating system of America, the federal and the province and the local are all portion of the lives of the mean American citizen. However, turning outlooks of the people and the interrelatednesss between the different authoritiess have been undergoing huge alterations over the old ages, and these alterations have resulted in the turning complexness of the workings of the authoritiess. The Fundamental law that was formed in the twelvemonth 1787 was based on the federal system of administration, wherein the people of the state would be able to retain their sovereignty while at the same clip deputing some powers to the provinces every bit good as to the national authoritiess ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . This means that the American authorities waistcoats big sum of powers in the provinces wherein they are really wholly functional constitutional civil orders that can do and interrupt their ain determinations for the American citizen at their ain free will. There has been a long raging argument, nevertheless, about the very nature of American federalism, a argument that was started at the clip of the authorship of the Constitution of America. While some like George Washington argued for the vesting of more authorization and powers in the federal authorities, some others like Thomas Jefferson had the sentiment that the American Union must be powerful, and that power should that stay within the provinces merely. The American Civil War ( 1860 to 1865 ) resulted to some extent in the answering and resolution of some of the jobs of American federalism being faced until that clip ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power, the really first act that he performed was that of composing up a plan called the New Deal that served to be the foundation on which most of the modern twenty-four hours plans of Social Security, Compensation for Unemployment and federal public assistance plans meant for the common adult male were based under the maps and responsibilities of the federal authorities, and several of these public assistance plans were administered by the province but financed by the federal authorities, and this led to the development of the federal authorities ‘s ‘grant-in-aid ‘ system. From 1950 to 1960, the federal authorities became singularly responsible for the publicity and the safeguarding of peoples ‘ civil autonomies and civil rights and besides of the abolition of racial segregation and favoritism based on gender and race and ethnicity ( Katz, 2010 ) . Virtually all of the province Torahs that supported segregation of any sort were eliminated. This led to a new development, that of the people of a peculiar province looking up to the federal authorities to seek to work out or to screen out the jobs that they were confronting in their ain place provinces, peculiarly in the affairs of legal personal businesss in which an person could appeal to the Supreme Court at the national degree for justness that was denied to them by their ain province. This construct of the federal authorities being granted with separate powers from that of the province came to be known as the construct of double federalism, whereby the national authorities and the province authoritiess possess an wholly separate set of powers and duties apart from one another ( Katz, 2010 ) . This construct meant that the national and the province authoritiess, though vested with separate powers, must collaborate with each other to cover with the assortment of economic and societal jobs of the population. This concerted federalism lasted from the 1950s to the sixtiess, and one of the most of import responsibilities of these intergovernmental relationships was for the federal authorities to allow assistance to the provinces for some of import grounds that would be reciprocally agreed upon. For case, the building of the interstate main roads in several provinces for which the federal authorities bore more than 90 per centum of the outgo, and besides gave valuable adept advice on the trifles of the building, and besides put up new criterions for the edifice of more roads in America. In this manner, American federalism can be defined as an ongoing and continual procedure of political and economic, every bit good as administrative, aspects that influences the American authorit ies even today ( Katz, 2010 ) . Equally far as constitutional issues are concerned, it has been the widely accepted regulation that Congress will pass its budget in such a manner that it can make economic and political issues at the national degree, therefore doing it possible for national Torahs to decide issues at the province degrees ( issues of land protection, protection against fire, etc. ) that are basically local jobs. However, in 1995, the Court out of the blue held forth the determination that the national authorities did non hold the right to interfere in a province affair and the inquiry of the national authorities exerting authorization on the ordinance of commercialism was besides questioned. This may good be the beginning of the restrictions that will be set for the federal authorities ‘s authorization in approaching old ages. The issue of go forthing the full determination doing procedure of policy devising and support to province and local authoritiess has besides been questioned late ( McLau ghlin, 1936 ) . To happen the beginning point of American constitutional history is a most hard undertaking. There were certain of import rules of constitutional authorities that were in being a long clip before the United States was even founded ; some of these rules are normally, though instead slackly, said to hold had their beginning in the Magna Charta. This means merely that, to cognize to the full the ideas and thoughts that are steadfastly rooted within the constitutional system, it is helpful to cognize the background, the chief class of British constitutional history. There are in the Fundamental law footings and commissariats that unwrap their full significance merely when studied as a portion of English constitutional history: habeas principal, measure of civil death, common jurisprudence, test by jury, and other such phrases. Furthermore, the establishments and the simple, though all of import, constitutional rules were non all of a sudden abandoned in 18th century America. Even in the most current history, the American tribunals have found it necessary to analyze the Torahs and constitutional rules of England, which were really old when the Federal Convention met in 1787 in Philadelphia ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Furthermore, institutional signifiers, distinguished from rules, were the merchandises of long growing ; to some extent, their beginnings can be traced back to British history. They are, though, more readily seen in the American settlements. When these settlements became provinces, their establishments were emulated in really large step on the existent establishments of the settlements as they had developed in anterior old ages. The framers of the federal Constitution were in bend guided by the province fundamental laws ; they did non come in upon their enormous attempt simply by taking to disregard the yesteryear ; they did non seek in any big grade to contrive what was new and unseasoned. Therefore, a complete constitutional history of the United States would include at least a full lineation of colonial development. Indeed, the provinces as they stand to-day are a portion of our system of authorities, and an thorough intervention of our history would needfully cover with the begin ning and development of province institutional signifiers ; it would, for case, trade with the bicameral system and the place and authorization of the governor. But if one is to compact his work within manageable, comprehensible bounds, he must get down someplace and control his anxiousness to seek beginnings and to portray the forces which worked through the earlier centuries ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . Constitutional history, so, when viewed in its entirety, is of largely illimitable content ; to grok it wholly, one must hold in head the societal and the industrial alteration and motion. Institutions and rules do non develop or travel out of context from each other ; they bear the print of an existent societal demand and of necessary accommodation, though the littorals of clip frequently seem to dart in vain against the walls of wont and of established pattern. However, once more, there is a batch for one individual to see. Among these, he or she must be satisfied by occasional mentions to the societal and economic life that cause constitutional contentions and history for of import findings by electors, legislative assemblies, and tribunals ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . If chronological order is to be followed, instead than merely logical order, we may anticipate to happen this interweaving, and in general it may be necessary to go forth to the reader the comparatively easy undertaking of finding whether the facts and the statements as presented lead to the outgrowth of limited authoritiess and guarded by written fundamental laws or give grounds of the rule of variegation, which is embodied in federal legislative acts. In the heads of the work forces of the twenty-four hours, the aplomb and fully-developed consequences of their ain words were non of class absolutely plain. They were participants in a great motion, to the full of which could non be wholly appreciated ( McLaughlin, 1936 ) . The Constitution of the United States is the firm foundation of the American authorities. In 4,543 words, it describes the construction of the authorities and delineates the rights of the American people. No jurisprudence can be passed that contradicts its rules, and surely no individual, or the authorities itself, is exempt from following its dogmas. This is the really ground that it is frequently normally called the supreme jurisprudence of the land ( Ben ‘s Guide, 2010 ) . In many ways, the Constitution has been offering solutions, non merely to the assorted jobs of yearss gone by, but besides to the jobs of today. The Constitution is a life and eupneic papers ; it is most surely non a dead papers without life or spirit. After more than two hundred old ages, we are still protected by the Constitution ‘s basic doctrine. There is non another papers in any state that has the sense of way that the Constitution gives to the American people, for the United States Constitutio n is the footing for all American jurisprudence ( Biggs, 2010 ) .