Persuasive Essay On Contraceptives - 1307 Words

Pediatricians play a significant role in children s health care. Minors most likely will have the same pediatrician throughout their whole childhood. This gives the parents and child a chance to grow a good relationship with the doctor. Doctors encourage minors to make healthy decisions about sex or choosing abstinence, to avoid the bad consequences linked with sexual behaviors. Doctors and school nurses should be allowed to prescribe contraceptives to children because it is not always used for sex, it avoids pregnancy, and it has health benefits. There are about fifteen different types of contraceptives that allows you to have sex without the risk of getting pregnant. One of the fifteen birth control methods are condoms, this is the†¦show more content†¦Another type of birth control is the contraceptive sponge. The sponge is small and round, it has a foam texture. It is placed deep inside the vagina. The sponge should be kept inside the vagina for a minimum of six hours aft er sex but should be removed 24 hours after sexual intercourse. Spermicide is also a type of birth control. When spermicide is used with other types birth control it is proven to be very effective. Spermicide does not always protect you from pregnancy, but it does not protect you against STI s at all. You do not need to get a prescription to buy spermicide, it is an over the counter product. Contraceptive injection is a birth control, but it is a shot. The doctor or nurse will give you one shot of hormones. This one shot last for about 8 to 12 weeks, which is about 3 months. You will have the same effect as the pill. This type of birth control has been found to be ninety-nine percent effective, this does not protect from STI s. The vaginal ring is a small plastic ring that is placed inside the vagina for up to three weeks. It should be removed when your period starts. Once your period is over you can place a new vaginal ring in. This is not an over the counter product, you will need a doctor s prescription to buy the ring. The vaginal ring does not protect from STI s. The contraceptive patch is the exactly like the contraceptiveShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Contraceptives1180 Words   |  5 Pagesliving on earth. A solution to this is contraceptives. We need to make them more affordable and accessible for everyone and everywhere in order to reduce population A question that is asked around when people get pregnant is, â€Å"Will you choose abortion, adoption, or parenting?† Those are just three of the options when others get pregnant. However, all of it could have been prevented by using contraceptives. In the article â€Å"High Teen Pregnancies Blamed on Contraceptives†, it states that, â€Å"Twenty eight percentRead MorePersuasive Essay: Pro-choice Abortion871 Words   |  4 PagesDestinee Riggs Professor Camila Alvarez ENC1101 T 6:35-9:00pm 485 words Persuasive Essay: Pro-choice Abortion In 1973 in the United States in the Roe V. Wade decision, the supreme court ruled that women, in consultation with their physician, have a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy- that is, before viability- free from government interference. (Guttmacher Institute) This did not spark the controversy of the topic, however. Can you rememberRead MoreThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy1953 Words   |  8 Pageseducate teens on how to prevent pregnancy. Abstinence only education is currently not working, therefore we need to educate teens about birth control and how to safely protect themselves when having sex. Educate them on where they can go to receive contraceptives and information on how to use them properly. References Christensen, S., amp; Rosen, A. (1996). Information About Children amp; Families. Retrieved from http://community.michiana.org/famconn/teenpreg.html Hoffman, S.D., (2006). By the Numbers:Read MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1850 Words   |  8 Pagesteen pregnancy. This paper will attempt to describe the research surrounding sex education, mostly abstinence education and the importance of contraceptive. The discussion surrounding sex education will focus not only on current research findings, but also on the truth of the research that has produced different and often conflicting results. Finally, this essay will discuss programs that focus on the role of boys and their importance in teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy create many social challengesRead MoreMedical Ethics And Ethics Of Biotechnology Essay2394 Words   |  10 Pagesbegins at conception. Judith Thomson (1971) makes the comparison that the small clump of cells which is the developing fetus does not constitute a person in a similar way that an acorn is not an oak tree. While this argument may seem logical and persuasive to some, Thomson (1971) argues that it is very arbitrary, and difficult, to decide at what exact point a fetus becomes a person. Instead, she focuses her defense of abortion on the balance between the fetus’ right to life and the mother’s rightRead More A Rational Look at the Abortion Controversy Essay3888 Words   |  16 Pagesinto a battle of rhetoric rather than a dialectic of reason. But the guiding light in such a discussion must always be reason, not rhetoric or other fallacies, for only reason can solve this issue and judge which side is correct. In this brief essay, I shall attempt to clear away some of the confusion present in typical abortion debates by cooling the rhetoric with reason enlightened by scientific facts. Specifically, I will examine two common pro-abortion arguments made by Mary Anne Warren andRead MoreAn Analysis of Sexual Health in New Zealand Youth3698 Words   |  15 Pagesstill concernedly high rates of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in New Zealand adolescents. A multidisciplinary approach can be used to uncover the potential reasons behind this gap between intervention and outcome. This essay will use the perspectives of health geographers, psychologists and sociologists to explore the phenomenon, and will show how multidisciplinary research is useful when considering a topic such as this, with a complex system of potential causes. ARead MoreStructuralism and Interpretation Ernest Hemingways Cat in Ther Ain9284 Words   |  38 Pageshow the linguistic mediation of a story determines its meaning and effect. This is a kind of criticism in which Anglo-American tradition is comparatively strong, because of the close-reading techniques developed by the New Criticism. Mark Shorers essays (1948) and (1949) are classic statements of this approach. The stylistics that developed out of Romance Philology, represented at its best by Spitzer and Auerbach, also belongs in this category. When I wrote my first book of criticism, Language ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pageswas expected to report net income of 9 million DM in that year. The firm had a book value of assets of 110 million DM and a book value of equity of 58 million DM at the end of 1990. The firm was expected to maintain sales in its niche product, a contraceptive pill, and grow at 5% a year in the long term, primarily by expanding into the generic drug market. The average beta of pharmaceutical firms traded on the Frankfurt Stock exchange was 1.05, though many of these firms had much more diversified product

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 897 Words

Secrets Morals are important; morals are the foundation for any society. The morals depicted in The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, clearly show that righteous acts, and not sinning are not the a deciding factor in a happy life. The novel suggests that sin should be addressed by the community at large and not solely by the individual. The Scarlet Letter professes that an individual cannot, and will not, live a successful and peaceful life without being an honest member of the community, as evidenced by Hester Prynne s transformation while wearing the letter, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale’s eventual demise, and Sir Roger Chillingworth’s revenge-based life. Hester’s sin and her recovery from her sin exemplify the morals in The Scarlet Letter. At the beginning of the novel, she commits adultery and is publicly shunned for it. The townspeople, who represent society as a whole in the novel, consider Hester to be a â€Å"brazen hussy,† and treat her accordingly (41). They also consider her â€Å"fantastically embroidered† letter to be â€Å"ignominious† and a symbol of Hester’s â€Å"disgrace† (41, 42). By wearing the letter, Hester feels the wrath of the townspeople. During her walk to the scaffold, Hester feels â€Å" an agony from every footstep,† and â€Å"as if her heart had been flung into the street for them [the townspeople] all to spurn and trample upon.† (41) The scarlet letter throws Hester into anguish and despair; however, her public suffering eventually leads to her survival. As the novelShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesL YS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Market of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited. Answer: Introduction: The business strategy Square Pharmaceuticals Limited adopted to gain major share of the pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh consists of several strategies like an efficient product strategy, financing strategies, human resource management strategy and stakeholder management strategy. The previously mentioned stated strategies are being elaborated in detail as follows: Square Pharmaceutical Limited manufactures finished pharmaceutical products, pesticides, herbal products and agro-veterinary products. The products of the company are available in various forms like tablets, capsules, suppositories, injections, liquids and dry oral powder. One can infer that product line of the company enables it to cater to the needs of various types of customers like domestic people, agriculturist and pet owners. The intermediate customer base of the company consists of various wholesalers and retailers of the medicine who stock its products. Farmers and agriculturists use the agro-products like pesticides. Veterinary laboratories and people having animals demand the veterinary products. This extensive product line helps it to cater to large variety of customers and earn huge revenue, which gives it the high market position. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited has adopted very efficient financing strategies, which ensure steady flow of funds to support its vast operations. The company is a public limited company listed on the stock exchanges of Dacca and Chittagong. This allows the company to generate huge amount of capital by issuing shares in the securities market. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited has a extensive product line which the company price differentially to reach both the rich and the poor people. This allows the company to generate huge amount of fund by catering to the large consumer group. The public limited company also started exported its products from 1987 which allows it to earn foreign currency. Thus, a combination of its public limited status, an extensive product line and overseas market help the company it earn huge revenue and dominate the pharmaceutical markets in Bangladesh. Human resource management: One of the most spectacular strategies Square Pharmaceuticals Limited adopted to dominate the pharmaceutical market in Bangladesh is its efficient human resource management policies, particularly pertaining to supply chain management. The human resource department conducts an extensive and rigorous interview process to ensure that the company is able to acquire high standard supply chain managers and executives. The HRM also arranges of training and induction of the newly hired staffs to ensure that they learn and improve their job roles. This efficient talent management strategy of Square Pharmaceutical enable to acquire, manage and retain highly efficient employees which gives it more advantage in the Bangladeshi pharmaceutical market. The above discussion clearly shows that efficient stakeholder management and is one of the key factors behind the top position of Square Pharmaceuticals in the pharmaceutical market in Bangladesh. Firstly, the company manufactures high quality products, which benefit business and individual customers. Secondly, the company earns huge profits and ensure capital maximisation of the shareholders. The company gives salary increment to its internal stakeholders like employees, which increases their job satisfaction. The case study mentions that Square Pharmaceuticals exports products to overseas. It can be inferred, from the statement that the company can comply with the policies laid down by its home country government, Bangladesh as well as host countries governments. This analysis shows that the power of Square Pharmaceuticals to benefit a large number of stakeholders like customers, shareholders, employees and governments has led to the growth and dominance of the company in the Bangl adeshi pharmaceutical market. The vision and mission of Square Pharmaceuticals are well aligned with the business objectives, which the company can aim to achieve in the long-run. The vision of the company is to obtain leadership in the pharmaceutical market in Asia and carry out aggressive research and development in the medical science. The mission of the company is to operate responsibly and manufacture high quality products. The pharmaceutical company can adopt three objectives based on its vision and mission namely, more rapid foreign, acquisitions and mergers and strengthening marketing and brand power. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited can aim to achieve the following long-term business objectives based on its mission and vision: The mission Square Pharmaceuticals Limited is to gain leadership in the Asian pharmaceutical market and the company needs to enhance its foreign expansion strategies in order to achieve this mission. The pharmaceutical market in Asia is dominated by China, India, Japan and Singapore, all of which have more developed pharmaceutical sectors compared to Bangladesh (genengnews.com 2017). These economies have their own pharmaceutical companies, which have expanded globally and hold far stronger position than Square Pharmaceuticals. For example, the revenue earned by China National Pharmaceutical in the year 2014 is USD 37340000000. The Indian pharmaceutical multinational company Ranbaxy Limited earned revenue of USD 591262.49 in 2014 (Sunpharma.com. 2017). Square Pharmaceuticals earned revenue of USD 111286.86, which is very low compared, to its Chinese and Indian counterparts (squarepharma.com.bd. 2017). It must also be noted that Indian and Chinese pharmaceutical companies have evolved into biggest pharma-conglomerates in the world and Square comes nowhere close to them. Hence, the first long term objective of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited (SPL) should be rapid foreign expansion to gain higher competitive advantage in the Asian market. Acquisitions and mergers: The mission of SPL is to acquire top position in Asia while its vision is to manufacture high quality products. It must be noted that the top Asian pharmaceutical markets like Japan, India and China have presence of American and European pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer. The Asian pharmaceutical companies too have acquired subsidiaries in the western markets. This collaboration between the western and emerging Asian pharmaceutical markets facilitate huge flow of information and resources between them (sunpharma.com 2017). This encourages huge amount of innovation and research, which has led to development of India, China, Japan and Singapore into medical research hubs. An analysis of this discussion shows that SPL should also acquire companies and laboratories in the overseas to carry out open innovation and offer more advanced medical products (Jones et al. 2016). SPL must strengthen its marketing and brand power in order to gain competitive position in the Asian pharmaceutical market. Pharmaceutical companies from Singapore, India, China, Malaysia and Japan dominate the pharmaceutical market of Asia. The Asian pharmaceutical market also experience presence of subsidiaries of western companies like Pfizer. These two groups of companies carry out robust marketing activities to strengthen their brand value (Jary and Wileman 2016). Square Pharmaceutical Limited should carry out aggressive marketing and brand strengthening activities to strengthen its market position. The company would have to make its marketing strategies strong and that would take years because it has to grow financially to be able to compete with the powerful companies of China and Japan. This would require several years and the top management should adopt marketing and brand strengthening as the third important long-term objective (Manzoli et al. 2016). Square Pharmaceuticals Limited would face several problems if it fails to realise the importance of linking its departments like accounts finance, marketing sales, administration human resources, supply chain and production. Each of these departments is interrelated and collaborates towards making the company operate smoothly and earn revenue. If the apex management of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited fails to coordinate between these departments, there would be problem in smooth operation of the company, which may disrupt its very existence in the competitive market of Asia. For example, the accounts departments allocate funds to all the other departments like marketing and HR (Owen et al. 2013). The marketing and sales department markets the products in the market and obtains orders for delivery. It forwards the details of the orders to the production department, which in turn passes the information to the supply chain department. The supply chain department uses the funds allocat ed to it by the accounts department to acquire the raw materials. The production department uses the raw materials to produce the finished goods, which the marketing and sales department sells to the customers. This operation of the sales and marketing department generates revenue, which is recorded by the accounts and finance departments. The administration department manages the operations of all these departments while the human resource department provides them with staff. This explanation clearly shows that the coordination between these departments contributes towards smooth functioning and generation of revenue (Listou 2015). Thus, if the apex management of Square Pharmaceuticals fail to integrate these departments, it would face the problem of carrying out its smooth business operations, which would in turn jeopardize its productivity, profitability and very existence in the pharmaceutical markets of Asia (Sallns 2016). The given case study draw comparison between two companies namely, Square Pharmaceuticals Limited and its competitor Watson Pharmaceuticals, now a part of the Irish multinational pharmaceutical company, Actavis Generics. The organisational chart of Square Pharmaceutical Limited shows that the assistant general manager (AGM) and the executive director of administration (EDA) reports to the managing director. The HR manager, marketing manager and the supply manager reports to the AGM. The production manager, quality control and finance manager reports to the EDA. A CEO to whom the general manager (GM) and director of administration (DA) report heads the organisational structure of Watson Pharmaceuticals. The assistant HR manager and the industrial relation officer report to the HR manager. The assistant finance manager and budget officer report to the finance manager (Nrman, Johnson and Gingnell 2016). The HR manager and the finance manger in turn report to the GM. The sales and the ma rketing officer of Watson report to the marketing and sales manager while quality control officer and the assistant production officer report to the production manager. The production manager and the marketing and sales manager report to the DA. The following section would compare between the two companies on the grounds of the organisational structure discussed above: Span of Control: Square Pharmaceutical Limited follows flat structure where the span of control of one post spreads over a larger area. For example, AGM directly controls the HR, marketing and the supply chain managers. The MD is the skip level officer of these three managerial posts and hence exercises indirect control over them (West 2014). Watson compared to Square, follows a tall structure where the top managers have limited span of control. For example, the CEO can exercise direct span of control over GM and DA. He has indirect control over HR manager, finance manager, marketing and sales manager and production manager. However, the CEO has no direct control over the lower rung managers of the company (Sundararajan, Bhasi and Vijayaraghavan 2014). The above discussion shows that Square follows flat structure and the span of control of manger is larger. Watson, on the contrary follows a tall structure where the span of control of a manger is restricted to a small number individuals. The chain of command practiced at Square Pharmaceutical as pointed out is shorter and more direct. Watson, on the other hand follows a tall structure which multiple chains of command. For example, the AGM directly controls the HR manager, the finance manager and the supply manager. The tall organisational structure of Watson more complicated. A chain of command consists the assistant HR manager, HR manager, GM and the CEO. A second chain consists of the industrial relationship officer, the HR manager, GM and the CEO. Thus, it is evident that compared to Square, the chain of command at Watson is multiple and more complicated (Mi?kiewicz 2017). The lines of communication at Square are shorter and more direct due to its flat organisational structure. The lines of communication at Watson are more complicated and indirect due to its tall organisational structure. Decision-making at Square is more dynamic and direct owing to shorter lines of communication. The decision-making at Watson is more lengthy and complicated because of several posts and the need to take their approvals before implementing decisions. Square follows a flat structure while Watson follows a tall structure. However, it can be pointed out that the tall organisational structure adopted by Watson resembles the pharmaceutical MNCs like Pfizer (D'Alessandro and Mohtadi 2016). The supply chain department supervises its human resource needs by human resource plan. The following are some of the factors, which can affect the human resource planning of the department: Span of business: The case study clearly points out that the employees of the supply chain management are hired to procure the raw materials and maintain relationship with the suppliers. It also has mention about exporting of finished but has no clear mention about sourcing of raw materials from abroad. Assuming that the supply chain and the business span of Square is not big as its other Asian counterparts, the human resource planning of the supply chain department is limited to Bangladesh. This limited span of business and raw material acquisitions lead to the supply chain department recruit less number of employees (Ahearne, Lam and Kraus 2014). The selection process of Square mentions about interviewing candidates while the training and induction clearly mentions about on-job training. One can point out that these procedures are more appropriate for candidates who are fresher or have less experienced. However, all departments need to acquire experienced employees from multinational companies in the same field for strategic positions. The case study does not mention acquisitions of employees with experience of working at other multinational pharmaceutical companies. It can pointed out that the weaker brand equity of Square compared to its Asian counterparts prevent it from attracting employees having rich experience of working in other pharmaceutical MNCs (Godman et al. 2014). Recruitment and selection: The company must aim to recruit and select employees having experience of serving and making decisions at multinational pharmaceutical companies preferably from leading companies like Pfizer. This would enforce more dynamic and aggressive decision making processes, which would boost the business operations of Square in the Asian market. The company should extend its training programmes to accommodate both inexperienced and experienced candidates. The training provided to inexperienced candidates can consist of induction and on the training but they are not sufficient for experienced candidates. The experienced should be provided more detailed training and induction, like a formal conversation with the regional head and other departmental heads. This would enable newly hired managers to be more acquainted with the strategic positions of Square and help in taking decisions that are more dynamic (Sung and Choi 2014). The performance appraisal of Square involves top bosses making decisions regarding appraisals of their subordinates. However, it has no scope of junior employees giving feedback about their bosses, which would be considered during appraisal of the latter. This empowerment of the subordinates would make the senior employees more responsible towards their subordinates. This would minimise ill-treatment and exploitation of subordinates in the hands of their superiors. This would contribute towards a more ethical and equable organisational culture within Square (Jones et al. 2016). Compensation and motivational rewards: It is recommended that Square should diversify its employee motivational and compensation rewards. The case study speaks about financial rewards like gratuity while healthcare benefits at discounted rates in the only nonfinancial motivational rewards. The compensation scheme should be extended to accommodate financial rewards like incentives, earned leaves and share of profits. The non-financial rewards can be flexible timings, social functions and work from home facilities. These additional motivational and compensation rewards would motivate the employees to work harder to achieve their targets (Lu et al. 2015). The human resource strategies and the business strategies are linked moderately to achieve its business objectives. The case study shows that the objective of Square Pharmaceuticals is to acquire leadership in the pharmaceutical market of Asia and to bring about new innovative products to earn more revenue. Considering these two business objectives, the human resource strategies are not fully equipped to achieve the objectives. The human resource policies are fixed by the human resource department after consulting with the other departments like finance and marketing. This strategy is appropriate for an expanding pharmaceutical company (Martins et al. 2014). The recruitment process consists of advertising vacancies on online job portals. The selection process is about written examinations and medical tests. These processes are appropriate for inexperienced candidates but not for experienced candidates. The HR department must frame more area specific recruitment process like an exper ienced employee appearing of a managerial post interview, should be given technical examinations to test his actual knowledge and decision-making power. The training and induction is restricted to on-job training and induction (Mehralian and Shabaninejad 2014). This is once again appropriate for executives but not for managers who require a more detail induction like introduction to the top managers to whom they would report on daily basis. Hence, in the light of the above discussion it can concluded that the human resources strategies of Square are moderately consistent with the business requirements. References: Ahearne, M., Lam, S.K. and Kraus, F., 2014. Performance impact of middle managers' adaptive strategy implementation: The role of social capital.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.68-87. Ashmarina, S.I., Streltsov, A.V., Dorozhkin, E.M., Vochozka, M. and Izmailov, A.M., 2016. Organizational and Economic Directions of Competitive Recovery of Russian Pharmaceutical Enterprises.International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education,11(7), pp.2581-2591. D'Alessandro, A. and Mohtadi, P., 2016. A Study of how Organisational Culture and Experience Affect Firms Political Risk Identification: A Case Study of Ericsson, Motorola Solutions, Tecnotree and KVH Industries. Ding, M., Eliashberg, J. and Stremersch, S., 2016.Innovation and marketing in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer-verlag new york. GEN. (2017).Top Eight Asia Biopharma Clusters 2017 | The Lists | GEN. [online] Available at: https://www.genengnews.com/the-lists/top-eight-asia-biopharma-clusters-2017/77900935 [Accessed 20 Oct. 2017]. Godman, B., Wettermark, B., van Woerkom, M., Fraeyman, J., Alvarez-Madrazo, S., Berg, C., Bishop, I., Bucsics, A., Campbell, S., Finlayson, A.E. and Frst, J., 2014. Multiple policies to enhance prescribing efficiency for established medicines in Europe with a particular focus on demand-side measures: findings and future implications.Frontiers in pharmacology,5. Hashim, N.H., Nasir, M.H. and Ramlee, M.S., 2016. 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Generic versus brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular diseases.European journal of epidemiology,31(4), pp.351-368. Martins, A., Vieira, H., Gaspar, H. and Santos, S., 2014. Marketed marine natural products in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries: Tips for success.Marine drugs,12(2), pp.1066-1101. Mehralian, G. and Shabaninejad, H., 2014. The importance of competitiveness in new internationalized and competitive environment of pharmaceutical industry.Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR,13(2), p.351. Mi?kiewicz, R., 2017. Organisational structure in the process of integration on the example of iron and steel industry enterprises in Poland. Moss, R., Hickson, R.I., McVernon, J., McCaw, J.M., Hort, K., Black, J., Madden, J.R., Tran, N.H., McBryde, E.S. and Geard, N., 2016. Model-informed risk assessment and decision making for an emerging infectious disease in the Asia-Pacific region.PLoS neglected tropical diseases,10(9), p.e0005018. 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Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay Example

Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods Essay 1.0 Preface This essay is on vision, its malfunctions diagnostics methods. The content included is concordant with the criteria listed on the specification of the institute of biophysics at 2nd Faculty of Charles University in Prague. Additional acknowledgements are mentioned under the reference section. 1.1 Visual acuity and its measurement Visual acuity is the measurement of the ability to discriminate two stimuli separated in space at high contrast relative to the background1; it is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance as the size of the symbols is varied. It happens to be the most common clinical measurement of visual function. We will write a custom essay sample on Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vision, its malfunctions ; diagnostic methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Visual acuity is typically measured using optotype chart for close and distant vision (snellen test). The eye which is not under test is occluded by means of instructing the subject to place an obstacle, for example a hand in front of the eye. This prevents intentional peeking, which would adversely affect the validity of the examination results. A variety of charts convenient for the patient are used, particularly in cases where a subject is unable to read the alphabet. In such cases the Tumbling E chart may be used, where the perceived letter, capital E is facing a different direction. Subsequently the subject is then required to determine the direction of the letter. (For further details read on below) 1.2 Basic geometrical defects of the eye optical system and their correction Namely, there are three basic types of defects of the optical system. These are Myopia (nearsightedness), Hyperopia (farsightedness) and Astigmatism (inappropriate path of light rays to the eye). Myopia and hyperopia are termed spherical disorders as both can be corrected with spherical lens. Astigmatism on the other hand is an aspherical disorder as it is corrected with cylindrical lenses1. Myopia influences the ability to see distant objects, in which the object is perceived as blurry. This is because the object is not focused directly on the retina, but in front of it. A clinical explanation for this may be that the eyeball is longer in length or the refractive power of the lens is immensely strong. Correction of this defect is achieved by wearing concave lenses which help to focus the object being viewed onto the retina. Fig 1 Compensating for myopia using a corrective lens. Hyperopia is the opposite of myopia, in which distant vision is intact but problems only arise when viewing things at close proximities. In this case the object being viewed is focused somewhat behind the retina rather than upon it. A clinical explanation for this may be that the eyeball is shorter in length or the refractive power of the lens is too weak. Correction is achieved by wearing convex lenses which focus the object being viewed onto the retina. Fig 2 Restoring of vision with convex lens Astigmatism is a defect of the eye in which light rays are localized at different regions of the retina rather than being localized on a single focal point of the retina. Strictly speaking, there are two forms of astigmatism. The first is a third-order aberration, which occurs for objects (or parts of objects) away from the optical axis. The second form of astigmatism occurs when the optical system is not symmetric about the optical axis. Problems persist when viewing lines placed at differing angles and the lines running in one direction appear sharp, whilst those in other directions appear blurred. Correction is achieved by wearing cylindrical lenses, which are placed in the out-of-focus axis. Fig 3 Showing the faint lines viewed by a person with astigmatism 1.3 Objective subjective methods for measuring eye refractive power Commonly employed methods to assess optical power are among subjective methods, although in the recent years objective strategies (e.g. nerve fiber analyzers) have been implemented which, however do not rely on patient responses. Optical power is adversely affected by glaucoma, a major risk factor for vision loss, caused by the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Fiber analyzers are used to measure physical thickness of nerve fibers in the retina. As fiber layer thickness is a measure of glaucoma progression, thin thickness concludes the onset of glaucoma and thus impaired vision. Subjective methods include the Snellen Chart Test, in which the optotype is placed twenty feet (6 meters) away from the subject. Some individuals may well wear spectacles in which case the examination is performed with the subject wearing them. The eye which is adversely impaired out of the two is examined first. Usually the examination commences by using large optotypes followed by the smaller ones. The subject is then prompted to recite the letters (or symbols) visible to them. This procedure is then repeated for the other eye. Normally read at 60 metres. Normally read at 36 metres. Normally read at 18 metres. Normally read at 12 metres. Normally read at 9 metres. Normally read at 6 metres. Normally read at 5 metres. Normally read at 4 metres. Fig 4 Showing distances at which letters can be read The results from the snellen test are processed and denoted as fractions. For example 6/18 means that the third line down can be read from 6 meters away; 6/6 or 6/5 is considered to be normal distance vision. If no lines can be read from 6 meters then shorter distances are tried. For example, 3/36 means that the second line can be read from a distance of 3 meters away; 2/60 means that the top line can be read from 2 meters away1 (If the top letter cannot be read even with prescription lens or glasses then the subject is considered to be legally blind). Alternatively a Lea test aimed at pre-school children may be used. In this case the optotypes denote an edible fruit (e.g. an apple). The Tumbling E chart (see visual acuity and its measurement) may also be used. In both cases the same principle applies as with the Snellen test. Indirect subjective methods to access optical power include intraocular pressure (see below). 1.4 Intraocular Pressure its measurements As the name suggests, intraocular pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid inside the eye. Fluid secretion may be triggered by genetic factors, side effects of medication, the inflammation of the eye or simply, during exercise. Normal intraocular pressure lies between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. In spite of the optic nerve and visual field being intact, when the intraocular pressure is greater than normal, the condition is termed Ocular Hypertension. Ocular Hypertension is usually correlated with the increased incidence of glaucoma. When the intraocular pressure falls below the critical value (5 mmHg) the condition is termed Ocular Hypotony. Intraocular pressure is typically measured by using a tonometer. Often eye drops are given to alleviate any pain. The procedure involves applying a dye (florescein) to the eye. This eases the examiners ability to see the cornea. The subject is then asked to stare at a bright-lighted slit lamp. The tonometer probe is then made to touch the eye and subsequently the examiner notes down the tension dial which measures the intraocular pressure. 1.5 Color perception and its malfunctions The trichromatic theory proposed by Young 1802, claims that any colour can be produced by a mixture of red, green and blue light. This infers that there only needs to be three types of cones red (erythrolabes), blue (cyanolabes) and green (chlorolabes), with each maximally sensitive to one type of color. The cones respond to different degrees when exposed to light, with the brain synthesising this information to produce all other colors1. Malfunctions of color perception include monochromacy, dichromacy, anomalous trichromacy and achromatopsia Monochromacy, caused by the absence of two of the three cones, is the inability to distinguish between colors. Thus color vision is reduced to one dimension. There are two forms, rod and cone monochromacy respectively. Rod monochromacy, associated with light sensitivity (photophobia) is the absence or malfunction of the retinal cones. As a result the ability to distinguish colors is impaired. Cone monochromacy refers to color blindness which is accompanied by relatively normal vision. Dichromacy constitutes the absence or malfunctioning of one of the three cones, thus limiting vision to two dimensions. It may be passed on to the offspring genetically (i.e. sex linked), in particular having a predilection in the male population. As with monochromacy, this defect comprises two forms, protanopia (a congenital sex linked color vision defect caused by the absence of the red retinal photoreceptors) and deuteranopia (red-green color blindness resulting from the loss of function of medium wavelength cones or M-cones) Anomalous trichromacy is a congenital color vision deficiency, referring to the relatively low quantity of one of the three types of cone photo-pigments. The condition is thought to occur when one of the three cone pigments are altered, but trichromacy or normal three dimensional color vision is not fully impaired. Achromatopsia is congenital or inherited deficiency of color perception. It is caused by the absence of cone cells or severe defect in those initially present. Individuals with this condition typically perceive the world as being gray, black and white2. 1.6 Binocular 3D Vision Binocular vision yields a wider scope of vision. Most objects in our visual world have texture. The acquisition of two eyes (binocular vision) as oppose to one (monocular vision) makes the grain of texture appear finer as we move from one region to another. This gives binocular summation, in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced. The perception of depth is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions1. Binocular disparity arises as each eye has a slightly different perspective of the object being viewed2. Therefore the closer the object, the more disparate the image. Thus binocular disparity is used as a binocular depth cue. Other binocular depth cues include stereopsist (the process in visual perception leading to perception of the depth or distance of objects)3 and binocular convergence (the simultaneous inward movement of both eyes toward each other, usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision when viewing an object) 4. Because of binocular disparity, light entering one eye can alter papillary diameter in the other closed eye upon opening. It may also affect the process of accommodation (focusing of the eye) as the accommodation of the closed eye, upon opening, will inevitably be equal to that of the first eye. Fig 5 3D processing of the brain The picture on the previous page contains two images of a chair, one red and one blue, from two slightly different angles. When wearing two different lenses, one lens will filter out the blue color and the other the red color. The result is each eye is only receiving one of the two images on the page. Just as if you were looking at a real chair from two different angles, the brain forms these images into one three-dimensional image (hence the term binocular 3D vision arises). 1.7 Devices for night vision Night vision devices are best appreciated by deciding what you intend to use them for. Of the numerous devices available, night glasses are typical preferred amongst others, possibly because of their primitive outlook. Their large lenses can accumulate light and subsequently project it through the exit pupil of 7nm or more, and into the individuals eye, thus enhancing vision in hours of darkness. Thermal vision is a fairly modern exploitation of science in which a device (e.g. security camera equipment) constructs an image in response to microwaves or sound waves, which are transmitted from the source. Thermal vision devices are generally not considered to be night vision devices as they construct images with mechanisms substantially different from the methods used to sense visible light. Amplification of visible light from an image can be achieved by making use of an image intensifier. This allows the image to be viewed by the naked eye.